Coronavirus disease 2019-induced hypercoagulability and its clinical implications.

Coronavirus disease 2019 is the disease produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2, which is introduced into the host's cell thanks to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. Once there, it uses the cell's machinery to multiply itself. In this process, it generates an immune response that stimulates the lymphocytes to produce cytokines and reactive oxygen species that begin to deteriorate the endothelial cell. Complement activation, through the complement attack complex and C5a, contributes to this endothelial damage. The different mediators further promote the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface, which encourages all blood cells to adhere to the endothelial surface to form small conglomerates, called clots, which obstruct the lumen of the small blood vessels. Furthermore, the mediators of clot lysis are inhibited. All this promotes a prothrombotic environment within the pulmonary capillaries that is reflected in the elevation of D-dimer. The only solution for this cascade of events seems to be the implementation of an effective anticoagulation protocol that early counteracts the changes induced by thrombi in the pulmonary circulation and reflected in the functioning of the right ventricle.

Heart Dysfunction in Sepsis.

Cardiac involvement during sepsis frequently occurs. A series of molecules induces a set of changes at the cellular level that result in the malfunction of the myocardium. The understanding of these molecular alterations has simultaneously promoted the implementation of diagnostic strategies that are much more precise and allowed the advance of the therapeutics. The heart is a vital organ for survival. Its well-being ensures the adequate supply of essential elements for organs and tissues.

Ultra-Short-Acting ß-Blockers (Esmolol and Landiolol) in the Perioperative Period and in Critically Ill Patients.

ß-Blockers are useful drugs in several clinical cardiologic scenarios. Their use in the perioperative period and in critically ill patients is increasing, but their effect on clinically relevant outcomes remains controversial. Long-acting ß-blockers can have detrimental effects that are difficult to be counteracted in these settings. The authors describe the possible clinical uses of ultra-short-acting ß-blockers (esmolol and landiolol) in the perioperative period and in critically ill patients because these drugs have the beneficial effects of ß-blockers, but do not have the detrimental effects of long-acting agents. This narrative review focuses on ultra-short-acting ß-blockers in the following clinical settings: prevention and treatment of arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia in noncardiac and cardiac surgery, usage as cardioplegia adjuvants or to test the reversibility of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in cardiac surgery, medical treatment of aortic dissection before surgery, improvement of microcirculation and oxygenation in critically ill patients experiencing sepsis or undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, anesthesia induction, and coronary computed tomography angiography.

Secuencia rápida de intubación en cuidados intensivos / Rapid sequence intubation in the intensive care unit

Introducción: El médico que trabaja en cuidados intensivos debe tener la habilidad para enfrentarse con éxito a los pacientes que necesitan aislamiento de la vía aérea debido a su pobre condición ventilatoria. El objetivo del presente artículo es revisar el estado actual del conocimiento en torno a la intubación de secuencia rápida en pacientes de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y resumir lo que se debe hacer para reducir al máximo los riesgos durante la intubación de un paciente crítico. Métodos Revisión temática: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, OvidSP y Scielo, sin limitar la búsqueda por fecha en inglés y español. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos, metaanálisis, guías para la práctica, ensayos controlados aleatorizados, revisiones, reportes de casos, artículos clásicos, estudios comparativos, conferencias de consenso y clases magistrales. Se incluyeron artículos publicados sobre intubación, intubación de secuencia rápida e intubación en UCI cuyo tema central fuese el abordaje de la vía aérea con tubo orotraqueal del paciente crítico, y las estrategias para optimizar la maniobra. Resultados: La búsqueda arrojó 1.144 estudios. Se revisaron los resúmenes y se seleccionaron los que trataban sobre los criterios centrales de la revisión: protocolos de intubación para los pacientes de la UCI. Cincuenta monografías cumplieron los criterios de selección. Se hace una presentación resumida de los resultados y se propone una versión de intubación de secuencia rápida modificada a partir de la revisión hecha.

Introduction: The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) physician should have the skill to successfully manage patients requiring airway insulation on account of their poor ventilatory condition. The purpose of this article is to review the current knowledge regarding rapid sequence intubation in the ICU patients and to summarize the procedure to maximally reduce the risks of intubating a critical patient. Methods: Theme review. An e-search of databases was performed, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, OvidSP and Scielo, without limiting the search by date, in English and Spanish. Clinical trials, meta-analysis, practicing guidelines, randomized controlled trials, reviews, case reports, classical articles, comparative studies, consensus conferences, and keynote speeches. Published articles on intubation, rapid sequence intubation and ICU intubation were included, all focusing on orotracheal intubation of the critical patient and strategies for optimization of the maneuver. Results: The search yielded 1,144 studies. The abstracts were reviewed and those referring to the key review criteria were chosen: intubation protocols for ICU patients. Fifty monographs met the selection criteria. A summarized presentation of the results is made and an approach to a modified rapid sequence intubation is suggested, based on the review accomplished.

Paraparesia espástica tropical y anestesia: reporte de caso y revisión temática / Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Anesthesia: Case Report and Topic Review

Introducción: La paraparesia espástica tropical es una infección endémica en Colombia, causada por el retrovirus HTLV-1. Se caracteriza por una mielopatía de lenta instauración que compromete principalmente los miembros inferiores. Las complicaciones como escaras por decúbito prolongado, retención urinaria por disfunción esfinteriana, fracturas, etc. hacen de estos pacientes candidatos quirúrgicos potenciales. Objetivo: Reporte de caso y revisión temática de la fisiopatología, la epidemiología, la clínica y el tratamiento, y de los aspectos anestésicos básicos de la enfermedad. Metodología: Reporte de caso y revisión temática. Se incluyeron en la búsqueda ensayos clínicos, metaanálisis, guías para la práctica, ensayos controlados aleatorizados, revisiones, reportes de casos, artículos clásicos, estudios comparativos, conferencias de consenso, clases magistrales y libros de texto, de artículos publicados sobre paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatía asociada al HTLV-1 (PET/MAH) e implicaciones anestésicas. Se incluyeron las publicaciones cuyo tema central fuese etiología, fisiopatología, epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento y repercusiones anestésicas de PET/MAH. Se realizó una búsqueda en PubMed, MdConsult, EBSCOhost, OvidSP y Scielo de artículos en inglés y español. Se utilizaron los términos MeSH: paraparesis, tropical spastic, anesthesia y los términos DeCS: paraparesia espástica tropical, anestesia. Se estudiaron de forma independiente los títulos y resúmenes de los artículos identificados en las bases de datos. Resultados: Se describe el caso de un adulto masculino quien fue llevado a cirugía para reconexión uretral, después de presentar una de las complicaciones características de la paraparesia espástica tropical. La búsqueda arrojó 1.829 estudios. Veinte escritos cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se hace una presentación de implicaciones anestésicas y de la enfermedad.

Introduction: Tropical spastic paraparesis is an endemic infection in Colombia caused by the HTLV-1 retrovirus. It is characterized by a slow and progressive myelopathy that initially targets lower limbs. Complications such as eschars due to a prolonged decubitus, urinary retention to sphincter dysfunction, fractures, etc. make these patients potential surgery candidates. Objective: To report a case and to review the physiopathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and basic anesthetic considerations of this disease. Methods: Case report and topic review. The research included clinical trials, meta-analysis, practice guides, randomized controlled assays, revisions, case reports, classic articles, comparative studies, consensus conferences, magisterial classes and textbooks regarding published articles on tropicalsSpastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 (TSP/HAM) Associated myelopathy and anesthetic implications. Publications focused on etiology, physiopatology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, treatment and anesthetic repercussions of TSP/ HAM were included in this article. Research was carried out through PubMed, MdConsult, EBSCOhost, OvidSP, and Scielo, of articles in English and Spanish. The MeSH terms used were: paraparesis, tropical spastic, anesthesia and the DeCS terms were: paraparesia espástica tropical, anestesia. Titles and abstracts of articles identified in the database were studied independently. Results: We describe the case of a male adult patient who was admitted to surgery for urethral reconnection after presenting a classic complication of tropical spastic paraparesis. Research on the topic yielded 1829 studies. A total 20 writings met the inclusion criteria. We present implications regarding anesthesia and the disease.