RESUMO
The technical regulation that is currently in effect for the production, identity and quality of the milk in Brazil is the Normative Instruction 62 (NI 62), published on December 29th 2011. Since January 1st, 2012 this legislation sets for pasteurized milk type A the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) limit of 4.8 x 105 cel. mL-1until June, 30th, 2014, decreasing the limit in the following years til it reaches 3.6 x 105 cel. mL-1from July, first 2016. From now, the limit of SCC for refrigerated raw milk in the Southeast region is 6.0 x 105 cel. mL-1, decreasing in the following years til it reaches 5.0 x 105 cel. mL-1from July, 1st 2014. The control of the amount of SCC in the milk is important for monitoring the milk quality and sanity from a dairy herd. The objective of the present study was to verify if nine dairy farms in the state of São Paulo attend the NI 62 to the limit of SCC. Milk samples were collected directly from the milk glass recording jar in sterile flasks containing bromothymol as conservative. It was evaluated in each herd 15 cows randomly selected. From the results, averages were made from all farms. The determination of SCC was performed by flow cytometry in clinical milk ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba-SP. The herds had different results. One of the properties (A) produces pasteurized milk type A and the SCC is under the limit imposed by the NI 62. The others produce refr
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The technical regulation that is currently in effect for the production, identity and quality of the milk in Brazil is the Normative Instruction 62 (NI 62), published on December 29th 2011. Since January 1st, 2012 this legislation sets for pasteurized milk type A the Somatic Cell Count (SCC) limit of 4.8 x 105 cel. mL-1until June, 30th, 2014, decreasing the limit in the following years til it reaches 3.6 x 105 cel. mL-1from July, first 2016. From now, the limit of SCC for refrigerated raw milk in the Southeast region is 6.0 x 105 cel. mL-1, decreasing in the following years til it reaches 5.0 x 105 cel. mL-1from July, 1st 2014. The control of the amount of SCC in the milk is important for monitoring the milk quality and sanity from a dairy herd. The objective of the present study was to verify if nine dairy farms in the state of São Paulo attend the NI 62 to the limit of SCC. Milk samples were collected directly from the milk glass recording jar in sterile flasks containing bromothymol as conservative. It was evaluated in each herd 15 cows randomly selected. From the results, averages were made from all farms. The determination of SCC was performed by flow cytometry in clinical milk ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba-SP. The herds had different results. One of the properties (A) produces pasteurized milk type A and the SCC is under the limit imposed by the NI 62. The others produce refr
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Milk production in Brazil is undoubtedly one of the most important Brazilian agroindustrial complex. Moves large sums of money, the dairy industry employs millions of the people, having potential to provide the domestic and foreign markets. Besides surpassing year by year the index production. The quality of milk is increasingly demanded by consumers and there are bonus programs for milk with low somatic cell counts, which reveal, indirectely, the udder sanity. Mastitis, the udder inflamation, is the main factor that substantially compromises the milk quality. Several methods can diagnose the incidence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. One these methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) has as advantages being practical, low cost and the results are immediately available. The CMT method consists of adding the anionic neutral detergent to a milk sample in order to disrupt milk somatic cell membranes and release nucleic material. The viscousity formed by this reaction allows estimating the number of somatic cells (immunity cells) presents in the milk. According to the degree of gelatinization obtained in this reaction, the interpretation of the scores varies from zero, no viscosity, to three crosses, highly viscous. This study was aimed to evaluate the CMT of eight dairy herds of different farms in Sao Paulo state, described by the letters A to H. The scores 1, 2 and 3 we
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Milk production in Brazil is undoubtedly one of the most important Brazilian agroindustrial complex. Moves large sums of money, the dairy industry employs millions of the people, having potential to provide the domestic and foreign markets. Besides surpassing year by year the index production. The quality of milk is increasingly demanded by consumers and there are bonus programs for milk with low somatic cell counts, which reveal, indirectely, the udder sanity. Mastitis, the udder inflamation, is the main factor that substantially compromises the milk quality. Several methods can diagnose the incidence of subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. One these methods, the California Mastitis Test (CMT) has as advantages being practical, low cost and the results are immediately available. The CMT method consists of adding the anionic neutral detergent to a milk sample in order to disrupt milk somatic cell membranes and release nucleic material. The viscousity formed by this reaction allows estimating the number of somatic cells (immunity cells) presents in the milk. According to the degree of gelatinization obtained in this reaction, the interpretation of the scores varies from zero, no viscosity, to three crosses, highly viscous. This study was aimed to evaluate the CMT of eight dairy herds of different farms in Sao Paulo state, described by the letters A to H. The scores 1, 2 and 3 we
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Inflammation of the mammary gland, which is also known as mastitis, occupies a prominent place among the diseases that affect dairy cattle, having a great economic importance in the dairy sector. Mastitis may have different origins, however, infectious mastitis is the most frequent and represents a risk to public health due to the propagation of microorganisms through milk. Staphylococcus spp. are considered the microorganisms that cause the greatest losses in milk production, being that Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen of major importance because they present high resistence to antimicrobials. Empirical treatment, without prior identification of the pathogens and their resistance profile, may contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and risk the efficiency of the antimicrobial. In that scenery, the study aimed to evaluate the resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. against some antimicrobials used in the treatment of cows with clinical mastitis. The study was conducted on a property in the state of São Paulo from January 2011 to June 2012. We evaluated 29 lactating cows that present clinical mastitis in, at least, one mammary quarter. The diagnosis of clinical mastitis was performed by evaluating the clinical signs and also by Tamis test. Samples of milk from mammary quarters were collected aseptically in sterile tubes for microbiological evaluation. M
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
Milk is considered one of the finest food because its composition presents several important elements for human nutrition, but problems with animal health, such as mastitis, leads to the decrease in its production and quality. Mastitis is a bovine udder disease that has been the cause of low productivity and offers potential risk to the animals health. Therefore, attention to the sanitary control of animals is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the milk microbiological quality of cows from a herd which is-composed of breed mixed /Jersey. Milk samples were collected fortnight in February and March of 2011, in 15 lactating cows that exhibited a herds profile. Each collection totaled 60 samples and a total of 240 samples were obtained in the period. The samples were collected individually in sterile test tubes, previously identified with animals name and number and mammary quarter. The teats were individually washed with water, dried with disposable paper and then dipped within antiseptic solution of iodine alcohol. The material was packed in insulated box material provided with ice cubes and taken to the laboratory for bacterial isolation and identification. The isolation and identification of strains were performed at Laboratory of the Milk Quality, in Instituto de Zootecnia. From 240 milk samples, 101 (42.08%) were infected and the microorganisms found and its prev
ês.
RESUMO
Milk is considered one of the finest food because its composition presents several important elements for human nutrition, but problems with animal health, such as mastitis, leads to the decrease in its production and quality. Mastitis is a bovine udder disease that has been the cause of low productivity and offers potential risk to the animals health. Therefore, attention to the sanitary control of animals is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the milk microbiological quality of cows from a herd which is-composed of breed mixed /Jersey. Milk samples were collected fortnight in February and March of 2011, in 15 lactating cows that exhibited a herds profile. Each collection totaled 60 samples and a total of 240 samples were obtained in the period. The samples were collected individually in sterile test tubes, previously identified with animals name and number and mammary quarter. The teats were individually washed with water, dried with disposable paper and then dipped within antiseptic solution of iodine alcohol. The material was packed in insulated box material provided with ice cubes and taken to the laboratory for bacterial isolation and identification. The isolation and identification of strains were performed at Laboratory of the Milk Quality, in Instituto de Zootecnia. From 240 milk samples, 101 (42.08%) were infected and the microorganisms found and its prev
ês.
RESUMO
Inflammation of the mammary gland, which is also known as mastitis, occupies a prominent place among the diseases that affect dairy cattle, having a great economic importance in the dairy sector. Mastitis may have different origins, however, infectious mastitis is the most frequent and represents a risk to public health due to the propagation of microorganisms through milk. Staphylococcus spp. are considered the microorganisms that cause the greatest losses in milk production, being that Staphylococcus aureus is the pathogen of major importance because they present high resistence to antimicrobials. Empirical treatment, without prior identification of the pathogens and their resistance profile, may contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains and risk the efficiency of the antimicrobial. In that scenery, the study aimed to evaluate the resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. against some antimicrobials used in the treatment of cows with clinical mastitis. The study was conducted on a property in the state of São Paulo from January 2011 to June 2012. We evaluated 29 lactating cows that present clinical mastitis in, at least, one mammary quarter. The diagnosis of clinical mastitis was performed by evaluating the clinical signs and also by Tamis test. Samples of milk from mammary quarters were collected aseptically in sterile tubes for microbiological evaluation. M
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The concern in milk quality, milk production, and in animals welfare is in constant increase. Mastitis is recognized as the main disease affecting dairy animals because of changing in milk composition and reduction in milk production. In Brazil, the highest incidence of mastitis is related to infectious agents. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk produced by 60 cows from four dairy farms (15 cows/farm) located at Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Milk samples from each teat were collected fortnight in sterile tubes, previously identified, during two months. In each herd 240 samples were obtained, except on the farm A, where an extra collection was done, in a total amount of 300 samples. On the farm A, the sampling was done in a period of transition between the dry and rainy season. On the farm B, samples were collected mostly in the season of high temperatures. On the farm C the collections were made over a period of heat and humidity. On the farm D, on a period of warmer temperatures and reduced rainfall. The isolation and identification of microorganisms were conducted at Laboratory of Milk Quality from Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Aliquots of 100 mL of milk were grown on plates with 5% sheep blood agar. After incubation, they were used for the production of catalase and Gram stain. Gram positive and catalase p
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
The concern in milk quality, milk production, and in animals welfare is in constant increase. Mastitis is recognized as the main disease affecting dairy animals because of changing in milk composition and reduction in milk production. In Brazil, the highest incidence of mastitis is related to infectious agents. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of pathogenic microorganisms in milk produced by 60 cows from four dairy farms (15 cows/farm) located at Sao Paulo state, Brazil. Milk samples from each teat were collected fortnight in sterile tubes, previously identified, during two months. In each herd 240 samples were obtained, except on the farm A, where an extra collection was done, in a total amount of 300 samples. On the farm A, the sampling was done in a period of transition between the dry and rainy season. On the farm B, samples were collected mostly in the season of high temperatures. On the farm C the collections were made over a period of heat and humidity. On the farm D, on a period of warmer temperatures and reduced rainfall. The isolation and identification of microorganisms were conducted at Laboratory of Milk Quality from Instituto de Zootecnia, Nova Odessa, São Paulo, Brazil. Aliquots of 100 mL of milk were grown on plates with 5% sheep blood agar. After incubation, they were used for the production of catalase and Gram stain. Gram positive and catalase p
O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.
RESUMO
S. aureus isolated from diverse transmission sources during the cow milking was studied by amplifying the toxins genes. The milk samples and specimens from teat orifices were collected before milking, and samples from mouthpieces were collected before and during the milking procedure performed at varied climatic conditions. The study on the A to D enterotoxins genes and the toxin of toxic shock syndrome were carried out by amplifying the respective coding sequences. The sea gene showed to be the most prevalent among those analyzed, and the majority of isolated were detected in milk samples from mammary quarters with mastitis. The occurrence of staphylococcal toxins genes in S. aureus isolated from different sources of bovine mastitis epidemiological chain, evidences the feasibility of this microorganism transmission by contaminated milk, being a potential risk to public health.
No presente estudo foi analisada a bactéria S. aureus isolada de diferentes fontes de transmissão durante a ordenha de vacas por meio de técnica de amplificação de genes da toxina. As amostras de leite e dos óstios foram obtidas antes da ordenha dos animais e as de teteiras antes e durante a ordenha sob diferentes condições climáticas. A análise dos genes das enterotoxinas A a D e da toxina da síndrome do choque tóxico foi efetuada por meio de técnica de amplificação das respectivas sequências codificadoras. O gene sea foi o mais prevalente dentre os pesquisados e a maioria dos isolados foi detectada em amostras de leite de quartos mamários com mastite. A presença de genes de toxinas estafilocócicas em S. aureus isolados de diferentes fontes de transmissão dentro da cadeia epidemiológica da mastite bovina evidencia a possibilidade de veiculação desse micro-organismo por meio de leite contaminado e que pode representar riscos à saúde pública.
RESUMO
Diagnostic characteristics of acetoin production to the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of mammary quarters of cows with mastitis, orifices of teats and mouthpieces of the liners were studied, in agreement to different coagulation grades presented by strains in the tube coagulase test with rabbit plasma and different rain levels in the environment of the herd. The production of acetoin and the coagulase test were performed after growth on blood agar base supplemented with sheep blood, Gram staining and catalase production. All strains were confirmed by molecular identification at species level by species-specific PCR. Among 329 samples identified, 167 were isolated from milk, 117 from teat orifices and 45 from mouthpieces of the liners. Among these samples, 85.0%, 71.1% and 69.2% strains originated from the milk, mouthpieces and orifices, respectively, presented whole coagulation in the coagulase test. Reduced specificities were obtained to the acetoin production to different coagulation grades on the few rains period as well as on the many rains period. Sensitivities to the acetoin production were higher on the few rains period to all sources and coagulation grades, except to strains from orifices with incomplete coagulation and strains from mouthpieces with complete coagulation. It is recommended the acetoin production test how a good diagnostic strategy to the S. au
Estudaram-se as características diagnósticas do teste de Voges-Proskauer (VP) na identificação de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de quartos mamários de vacas com mastite, óstios dos tetos e insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha, perante diferentes graus de coagulação apresentados pelas cepas na prova de coagulase lenta com plasma de coelho e com distintos níveis de chuvas ocorridas na região da propriedade à qual os animais pertenciam. Os testes de VP e de coagulase foram realizados após o isolamento das amostras bacterianas em ágar sangue, visualização de lâminas após a realização da coloração de Gram e a verificação da produção de catalase. Todas as cepas isoladas foram confirmadas por meio da amplificação de fragmentos de DNA cromossômico específico de S. aureus. Identificou-se um total de 329 amostras como S. aureus, das quais 167 isoladas a partir do leite, 117 originaram-se de óstios e 45 de insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha. Dentre as amostras isoladas, 85,0%, 71,1% e 69,2% de S. aureus que se originaram de leite, insufladores e óstios, respectivamente, apresentaram coagulação completa à prova de coagulase. Encontraram-se especificidades reduzidas para o teste de VP, para os diferentes graus de coagulação identificados, tanto no período com menos chuvas como no de maiores níveis pluviométricos. As sensibilidades diagnósticas identificadas para o teste de VP
RESUMO
Diagnostic characteristics of acetoin production to the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of mammary quarters of cows with mastitis, orifices of teats and mouthpieces of the liners were studied, in agreement to different coagulation grades presented by strains in the tube coagulase test with rabbit plasma and different rain levels in the environment of the herd. The production of acetoin and the coagulase test were performed after growth on blood agar base supplemented with sheep blood, Gram staining and catalase production. All strains were confirmed by molecular identification at species level by species-specific PCR. Among 329 samples identified, 167 were isolated from milk, 117 from teat orifices and 45 from mouthpieces of the liners. Among these samples, 85.0%, 71.1% and 69.2% strains originated from the milk, mouthpieces and orifices, respectively, presented whole coagulation in the coagulase test. Reduced specificities were obtained to the acetoin production to different coagulation grades on the few rains period as well as on the many rains period. Sensitivities to the acetoin production were higher on the few rains period to all sources and coagulation grades, except to strains from orifices with incomplete coagulation and strains from mouthpieces with complete coagulation. It is recommended the acetoin production test how a good diagnostic strategy to the S. au
Estudaram-se as características diagnósticas do teste de Voges-Proskauer (VP) na identificação de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de leite de quartos mamários de vacas com mastite, óstios dos tetos e insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha, perante diferentes graus de coagulação apresentados pelas cepas na prova de coagulase lenta com plasma de coelho e com distintos níveis de chuvas ocorridas na região da propriedade à qual os animais pertenciam. Os testes de VP e de coagulase foram realizados após o isolamento das amostras bacterianas em ágar sangue, visualização de lâminas após a realização da coloração de Gram e a verificação da produção de catalase. Todas as cepas isoladas foram confirmadas por meio da amplificação de fragmentos de DNA cromossômico específico de S. aureus. Identificou-se um total de 329 amostras como S. aureus, das quais 167 isoladas a partir do leite, 117 originaram-se de óstios e 45 de insufladores dos conjuntos de ordenha. Dentre as amostras isoladas, 85,0%, 71,1% e 69,2% de S. aureus que se originaram de leite, insufladores e óstios, respectivamente, apresentaram coagulação completa à prova de coagulase. Encontraram-se especificidades reduzidas para o teste de VP, para os diferentes graus de coagulação identificados, tanto no período com menos chuvas como no de maiores níveis pluviométricos. As sensibilidades diagnósticas identificadas para o teste de VP
RESUMO
The resistance patterns of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk of dairy cows with mastitis, teat orifices and mouthpieces of the liners were studied. The samples from the milk and teat orifices were obtained before milking and samples from mouthpieces were obtained before and in the course of milking. The Kirby and Bauer standardized disc diffusion test was performed with previous confirmation of isolates by molecular method. The resistance to penicillin was predominant to the isolates from milk, teat orifices and mouthpieces (48.3%, 36.8% and 25.9%, respectively). The resistance to oxacillin was found in all sources studied, with characteristics of multidrug resistance. The bovine mastitis treatment is recommended after sensitivity tests to the different antimicrobials of microorganisms responsible by aetiology. The identification of strains oxacillin-resistant explains the care with the possibility of transmission of S. aureus by milk.
Os perfis de resistência de Staphylococcus aureus isolados a partir do leite de vacas com mastite, óstios papilares dos tetos e das teteiras foram estudados. As amostras de leite e dos óstios foram obtidas antes da ordenha dos animais e as das teteiras antes e durante a ordenha. Os testes de sensibilidade in vitro foram realizados de acordo com a técnica de Kirby e Bauer, utilizando-se 12 princípios ativos, com confirmação prévia de todas as amostras de S. aureus por técnicas moleculares. O perfil de resistência mais comum de S. aureus isolados no leite, óstios e insufladores foi à penicilina (48,3%, 36,8% e 25,9%, respectivamente). Além disso, em todas as fontes estudadas encontrou-se S. aureus com resistência à oxacilina, com características de multiresistência a outros antimicrobianos. O tratamento da mastite bovina deve ser realizado somente após o conhecimento da sensibilidade dos microrganismos responsáveis pela etiologia da doença aos diversos antimicrobianos. O isolamento de estirpes resistentes à oxacilina ilustra os riscos de transmissão destes patógenos pelo leite.
RESUMO
The number of dermal mast cells in several European and Zebu cattle breeds was determined and correlated with the tick load. Breeds included European registered and non-registered Holstein, Brown-Swiss and Jersey cows, Zebu (Nelore and Gyr) and crossbred cows with either high or low tick infestations. Animals were naturally infested with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus and evaluated at regular time intervals for tick attachment and feeding. Ear biopsies were taken and processed according to routine histology for mast cell countings carried out on both the upper and deep dermis. The average cell counts were then correlated with the number of engorged ticks attached to host. Nelore cows presented the largest mast cells countings/mm2 (139.42; P 0.05), while surprisingly Gyr showed similar number of cells (61.73) as the Holstein (48.76) and Brown-Swiss (67.31) ones. Jersey cows presented the smallest cell countings (29.32) despite their greater resistance to tick infestation as compared to Holstein and Brown-Swiss. There was a negative correlation (r= -0.21, P 0.01) between the number of cells in the upper dermis and tick counts when all data (n= 155) were analyzed in a single correlation plane, irrespective of the breed. These results confirm the important role played by mast cells in bovine resistance to the cattle tick R. microplus.
RESUMO
This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of thermal conditioned in free-stall facilities and its consequences on productive and physiological responses in dairy cows. Experimental period was 28 consecutive days of November/2003. Fifteen dairy multiple cows with average milk production of 20kg/day were used. Treatments were: non-fan (NF); fan (F) and fan + misting (FM) directioned to animal bedding. Dry bulb temperature (DBT) and air relative humidity (RH) were measured every 15 minutes through a period of 24 hours inside and outside of facilities. Milking was realized at 1:00am; 9:00am and 5:00pm and date were collected. Animals were fed twice a day (10:00am and 3:00pm) and amounts of offered and rejected feed were daily registered. Physiological data such, as respiratory frequency (RF); rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST), were taken at 9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm, 3:00pm and 5:00pm. The RH was higher in V0 (61.8%) and VN (61.8%) treatments than in V (60.3%). The THI was higher in V (75.0) than in V0 (74.5) and VN (74.3) treatments. Related to physiological parameters, lactating cows of V0 treatment had lower rectal temperature at 11:00am (37.9ºC); 01:00pm (38.2ºC) and 05:00pm (38.2ºC). Respiratory frequencies (58; 55 e 58 mov/min, respectively, to V0; V e VN), white surface temperature (35.4ºC; 33.4ºC and 35.2ºC respectively, to V0; V and VN) and black surface tem
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de climatização na área de descanso em instalação do tipo freestall e seus reflexos nas repostas produtivas e fisiológicas de vacas em lactação. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias consecutivos do mês de novembro de 2003. Foram utilizadas 15 vacas em lactação, pluríparas, com produção média de 20kg de leite/dia. Os tratamentos adotados foram: ausência de ventilação (V0), ventilação (V) e ventilação + nebulização (VN) posicionados sobre a cama dos animais. A temperatura do bulbo seco (TBS) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR) foram mensuradas a cada 15 minutos ao longo das 24 horas no interior da instalação e no ambiente externo. A ordenha foi realizada à 1, às 9 e às 17 horas, e as produções diárias registradas. A alimentação era fornecida duas vezes ao dia (10 e 16 horas) e a quantidade de alimento oferecido e das sobras, foi registrada diariamente. As medidas fisiológicas, como freqüência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e temperatura da pele (TP) de cinco animais em cada tratamento foram realizadas às 9, 11, 13, 15 e 17 horas. A UR mostrouse mais elevada nos tratamentos V0 (61,8%) e VN (61,8%) quando comparada ao tratamento V (60,3%). O ITU mostrou-se mais elevado em V (75,0), quando comparado ao tratamento V0 (74,5) e VN (74,3). Para as variáveis fisiológicas, verificou-se que as vacas em lactação
RESUMO
This work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of thermal conditioned in free-stall facilities and its consequences on productive and physiological responses in dairy cows. Experimental period was 28 consecutive days of November/2003. Fifteen dairy multiple cows with average milk production of 20kg/day were used. Treatments were: non-fan (NF); fan (F) and fan + misting (FM) directioned to animal bedding. Dry bulb temperature (DBT) and air relative humidity (RH) were measured every 15 minutes through a period of 24 hours inside and outside of facilities. Milking was realized at 1:00am; 9:00am and 5:00pm and date were collected. Animals were fed twice a day (10:00am and 3:00pm) and amounts of offered and rejected feed were daily registered. Physiological data such, as respiratory frequency (RF); rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST), were taken at 9:00am, 11:00am, 1:00pm, 3:00pm and 5:00pm. The RH was higher in V0 (61.8%) and VN (61.8%) treatments than in V (60.3%). The THI was higher in V (75.0) than in V0 (74.5) and VN (74.3) treatments. Related to physiological parameters, lactating cows of V0 treatment had lower rectal temperature at 11:00am (37.9ºC); 01:00pm (38.2ºC) and 05:00pm (38.2ºC). Respiratory frequencies (58; 55 e 58 mov/min, respectively, to V0; V e VN), white surface temperature (35.4ºC; 33.4ºC and 35.2ºC respectively, to V0; V and VN) and black surface tem
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de sistemas de climatização na área de descanso em instalação do tipo freestall e seus reflexos nas repostas produtivas e fisiológicas de vacas em lactação. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias consecutivos do mês de novembro de 2003. Foram utilizadas 15 vacas em lactação, pluríparas, com produção média de 20kg de leite/dia. Os tratamentos adotados foram: ausência de ventilação (V0), ventilação (V) e ventilação + nebulização (VN) posicionados sobre a cama dos animais. A temperatura do bulbo seco (TBS) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR) foram mensuradas a cada 15 minutos ao longo das 24 horas no interior da instalação e no ambiente externo. A ordenha foi realizada à 1, às 9 e às 17 horas, e as produções diárias registradas. A alimentação era fornecida duas vezes ao dia (10 e 16 horas) e a quantidade de alimento oferecido e das sobras, foi registrada diariamente. As medidas fisiológicas, como freqüência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e temperatura da pele (TP) de cinco animais em cada tratamento foram realizadas às 9, 11, 13, 15 e 17 horas. A UR mostrouse mais elevada nos tratamentos V0 (61,8%) e VN (61,8%) quando comparada ao tratamento V (60,3%). O ITU mostrou-se mais elevado em V (75,0), quando comparado ao tratamento V0 (74,5) e VN (74,3). Para as variáveis fisiológicas, verificou-se que as vacas em lactação
RESUMO
The purpose of this research was to compare the efficiency of three different schedules using an adiabatic evaporative cooling with misting system (AEC) in a free-stall and its influence on the physiological parameters on lactating cows. A total of 28 Brown Swiss and Holstein multiparous cows were random allocated in four groups. The overall experimental period was of 56 days, starting from January 20th. Treatments were: control group (without AEC); Day (AEC turned on from 7 to 19 h); Night (AEC turned on from 19 to 7 h) and 24 h (AEC turned on during 24h). The dry bulb temperature (DBT), relative humidity (RH) and black globe temperature (BGT) were measuread hourly inside and outside of facilities through a period of 24 hours. The respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) were registered twice a week at 7, 13 e 21 h. It was observed a positive linear correlation between rectal temperature and ST. The free-stall cooling used in the day group kept the temperature under the thermoneutrality range till 12 h, however from 17 h in the day group the DBT was statistically higher than control and 24 h groups.
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da climatização por nebulização, em instalação do tipo free-stall, acionada em diferentes horários, por intermédio da temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS) e umidade relativa do ar (UR) e sua influência nos parâmetros fisiológicos, temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura do pelame (TP). Foram utilizadas 28 vacas, multíparas, com produção média diária de 23 kg de leite, com 60 dias de paridas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualisado. O experimento foi realizado no verão e teve duração de 56 dias. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem climatização); Dia (climatizado das 7-19h); Noite (climatizado das 19-7h) e 24 horas (climatizado 24h). Dentro do free-stall, em cada tratamento, foram tomadas medidas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, com um registrador digital automático, durante período de 24 h a cada 60 minutos. A temperatura retal (TR), a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura do pelame (TP) foi obtida duas vezes por semana às 7, 13 e 21 h de três animais de cada tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação linear positiva entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas do pelame. A climatização do free-stall utilizado no tratamento dia conseguiu manter a temperatura dentro da faixa de termoneutralidade até as 12 h, mas a partir da 17 h a TBS do tratamento dia foi significativamente maior q
RESUMO
The purpose of this research was to compare the efficiency of three different schedules using an adiabatic evaporative cooling with misting system (AEC) in a free-stall and its influence on the physiological parameters on lactating cows. A total of 28 Brown Swiss and Holstein multiparous cows were random allocated in four groups. The overall experimental period was of 56 days, starting from January 20th. Treatments were: control group (without AEC); Day (AEC turned on from 7 to 19 h); Night (AEC turned on from 19 to 7 h) and 24 h (AEC turned on during 24h). The dry bulb temperature (DBT), relative humidity (RH) and black globe temperature (BGT) were measuread hourly inside and outside of facilities through a period of 24 hours. The respiratory frequency (RF), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) were registered twice a week at 7, 13 e 21 h. It was observed a positive linear correlation between rectal temperature and ST. The free-stall cooling used in the day group kept the temperature under the thermoneutrality range till 12 h, however from 17 h in the day group the DBT was statistically higher than control and 24 h groups.
O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da climatização por nebulização, em instalação do tipo free-stall, acionada em diferentes horários, por intermédio da temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS) e umidade relativa do ar (UR) e sua influência nos parâmetros fisiológicos, temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura do pelame (TP). Foram utilizadas 28 vacas, multíparas, com produção média diária de 23 kg de leite, com 60 dias de paridas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualisado. O experimento foi realizado no verão e teve duração de 56 dias. Os tratamentos foram: controle (sem climatização); Dia (climatizado das 7-19h); Noite (climatizado das 19-7h) e 24 horas (climatizado 24h). Dentro do free-stall, em cada tratamento, foram tomadas medidas de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, com um registrador digital automático, durante período de 24 h a cada 60 minutos. A temperatura retal (TR), a freqüência respiratória (FR) e a temperatura do pelame (TP) foi obtida duas vezes por semana às 7, 13 e 21 h de três animais de cada tratamento. Foi observada uma correlação linear positiva entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas do pelame. A climatização do free-stall utilizado no tratamento dia conseguiu manter a temperatura dentro da faixa de termoneutralidade até as 12 h, mas a partir da 17 h a TBS do tratamento dia foi significativamente maior q
RESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of climatization (ventilation or ventilation plus sprinkler) inside a holding pen in a milking parlor on environmental and physiological parameters. The experiment was conducted from August to October during 90 consecutive days. Twenty-one lactating dairy cows with an average milk yield of 21kg.d-1 were randomly allocated in three treatments. The treatments were: holding pen without cooling (control); holding pen with ventilation (V) and holding pen with ventilation plus sprinkler (VS). The physiological parameters measured were respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and skin temperature (head, flank and mammary gland). These measurements were taken before and after each treatment. The data on the environmental parameters dry bulb temperature (DBT), black globe temperature (BGT) and relative humidity (RH) were collected both from each treatment session and from a meteorological station at a nearby site three times a day. Results showed that VS reduced DBT (6.4°C) and BGT (6.5°C); and increased the RH. Both V and VS reduced significantly respiratory rate. The skin temperature, with VS showed a decrease of 4.2°C for the head and 2.8°C for the flank. Hence, VS improved the environmental condition and physiological responses and increased heat losses of the dairy cows.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do uso da climatização no ambiente da sala de espera (ventilação forçada ou ventilação forçada e aspersão) sobre as variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas de vacas em lactação. O período experimental teve duração de 90 dias, em que foram avaliadas 21 fêmeas, com produção média de leite de 21kg leite d-1,distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram: sala de espera sem climatização (CONTR), sala de espera com ventilação forçada (V) e sala de espera com ventilação forçada e aspersão (VA). As variáveis fisiológicas analisadas foram a temperatura retal (TR), freqüência respiratória (FR) e temperatura de pele (cabeça, dorso e glândula mamária) coletadas antes e depois da aplicação de cada tratamento. As variáveis ambientais registradas foram a temperatura de bulbo seco (TBS), temperatura de globo negro (TGN) e umidade relativa (UR), coletadas antes e depois da aplicação de cada tratamento. O tratamento VA foi mais eficiente em reduzir a TBS (6,4°C) e TGN (6,5°C). Os tratamentos V e VA diminuíram significativamente a FR dos animais. A variável temperatura de pele apresentou redução de 4,2°C para a região da cabeça e 2,8°C para a região do dorso, no tratamento VA. O tratamento VA proporcionou maiores reduções nas variáveis ambientais e fisiológicas resultando em melhores condições de conforto aos animais e maior eficácia na dissipação de calor pela pele dos animais.