Solving a running crab spider puzzle: delimiting Cleocnemis Simon, 1886 with implications on the phylogeny and terminology of genital structures of Philodromidae.

BACKGROUND: Among the 16 Neotropical genera of Philodromidae, Cleocnemis has the most troublesome taxonomic situation. Remarkable morphological differences among several genera historically said to be related to Cleocnemis denote controversial notions and general uncertainty about the genus identity. Thus, to clarify the genus limits and contribute to the understanding of Neotropical Philodromidae, we conducted a morphological analysis, along with Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood molecular phylogenetic analyses focusing on Cleocnemis and related genera of Thanatinae. All of the 14 species previously placed in Cleocnemis were studied, and eight of them included in the molecular analyses based on fragments of 28S rDNA, histone H3, 16S rDNA, and cytochrome oxidase I (COI). RESULTS: Cleocnemis was recovered as polyphyletic. Most of its species are distributed into six lineages allocated into five morphologically recognizable groups: Group I [Cleocnemis heteropoda], representing Cleocnemis sensu stricto and two new junior synonyms, Berlandiella and Metacleocnemis; Group II [Tibelloides bryantae comb. nov., Tibelloides punctulatus comb. nov., Tibelloides reimoseri nom. nov., and Tibelloides taquarae comb. nov.], representing Tibelloides gen. rev., which was not recovered as monophyletic; Group III [Fageia moschata comb. nov., Fageia rosea comb. nov.], representing the genus Fageia; Group IV ["Cleocnemis" lanceolata]; and Group V ["Cleocnemis" mutilata, "Cleocnemis" serrana, and "Cleocnemis" xenotypa]. Species of the latter two groups are considered incertae sedis. Cleocnemis spinosa is maintained in Cleocnemis, but considered a nomen dubium. Cleocnemis nigra is considered both nomen dubium and incertae sedis. We provide a redelimitation of Cleocnemis, redescription, neotype designation, and synonymy of type-species C. heteropoda. Taxonomic notes on composition, diagnosis, and distribution for each cited genus are also provided. Phylogenetic results support the division of Philodromidae into Thanatinae new stat. and Philodrominae new stat. and suggest expansion of their current compositions. Terminology of genital structures of Philodromidae is discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Our results bring light to Cleocnemis taxonomy and enhance the understanding of the relationships within Philodromidae, especially through the assessment of neglected Neotropical taxa.

Three new species of Ochyrocera (Araneae, Ochyroceratidae) from Southeastern Brazil.

Three new species of the six-eyed  haplogyne and ecribellate spiders from the genus Ochyrocera Simon, 1891 are illustrated and described based on males and females from southeastern Brazil: Ochyrocera tinocoi new species (Sooretama, Espírito Santo state), Ochyrocera garayae new species (Linhares and Sooretama, Espírito Santo state) and Ochyrocera itatinga new species (Rio de Janeiro city, Rio de Janeiro state). The new species expand the distribution range of Ochyrocera in Brazil and increase to 50 the total number of species described, from which hitherto 33 species occur in South America, acknowledging the high diversity of the genus for the region.

Taxonomic review of Epicadinus Simon, 1895 (Araneae: Thomisidae).

The genus Epicadinus Simon, 1895 can easily be distinguished from the other Neotropical Stephanopines by their abundant and robust setiferous tubercles, topped by elongated macrosetae, which cover most of the tegument. Additionally, the genus can be recognized by a pair of conical ocular mounds above the ALE, the anterior eye row very recurved, posterior one slightly procurved; carapace flattened and without tubercles, and opisthosoma with three conical projections ("tubercles") of variable size and shape. This work is a taxonomic review of the 12 valid species of Epicadinus as listed in version 19 of the World Spider Catalogue (2018), whose hitherto known distribution included few records from Brazil, French Guiana, Bolivia and Peru, and only one from Mexico. Four valid species are recognized: Epicadinus biocellatus Mello-Leitão, 1929; E. trispinosus (Taczanowski, 1872) [with two junior synonyms E. trifidus (Pickard-Cambridge, 1893) syn. nov. and E. cornutus (Taczanowski, 1872) syn. nov.]; E. spinipes (Blackwall, 1862) [with two junior synonyms E. albimaculatus Mello-Leitão, 1929 syn. nov. and E. gavensis Soares, 1946 syn. nov]; and E. villosus [with two junior synonyms E. helenae Piza, 1936 syn. nov. and E. marmoratus Mello-Leitão, 1947 syn. nov.]. Epicadinus polyophthalmus Mello-Leitão, 1929 and Epicadinus tuberculatus Petrunkevitch, 1910 are transferred to Epicadus. Epicadus polyophthalmus (Mello-Leitão, 1929) comb. nov. is considered a nomen dubium. Epicadus tuberculatus (Petrunkevitch, 1910) comb. nov. is a senior synonym of Epicadus pustulosus (Mello-Leitão, 1929) syn. nov.

Notes on the orb-weaving spider genus Alpaida (Araneae, Araneidae) with description of four new species from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Four new species of the orb-weaving spider genus Alpaida O. P.-Cambridge, 1889 from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil are illustrated and described based on males and females from the following municipalities: Alpaida imperatrix new species (Macaé and Rio de Janeiro); Alpaida imperialis new species (Mendes and Rio de Janeiro); Alpaida marista new species (Mendes and Pinheiral); and Alpaida mendensis new species (Mendes). Furthermore, two new synonymies are herein proposed: Alpaida lanei Levi, 1988 = Alpaida atomaria (Simon, 1895) and Alpaida caxias Levi, 1988 = Alpaida tijuca Levi, 1988, alongside new records for both species and also Alpaida venger Castanheira Baptista, 2015.

Gasto energético na marcha em pacientes com mucopolissacaridose / Energy expenditure during gait in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis

Objetivo: Avaliar o gasto energético na marcha em pacientes com mucopolissacaridose, utilizando uma metodologia simples e aplicável ao ambiente clínico. Métodos: realizou-se estudo transversal comparando-se o gasto energético da marcha de 19 pacientes portadores de mucopolissacaridose (Grupo MPS) com 19 indivíduos assintomáticos da comunidade (Grupo Comparação). O gasto energético foi mensurado em Cal por um relógio da marca Polar (modelo FT7) durante uma caminhada de 50 metros. Foram também avaliados idade, peso, altura, IMC, frequência cardíaca inicial, frequência cardíaca final, e tempo de marcha. Resultados: O Grupo MPS teve gasto energético na marcha de 2,84 Cal(±1,01), versus 1,42 Cal(±0,51), sendo 100% maior que o Grupo Comparação; também em relação ao Grupo Comparação, o Grupo MPS teve frequência cardíaca inicial 22% maior, frequência cardíaca final 13% e tempo da caminhada 25% maiores. Conclusões: o gasto energético na marcha de pacientes com mucopolissacaridose é duas vezes mais alto em comparação com indivíduos assintomáticos e a metodologia usada para avaliação mostrou-se alternativa eficiente para o ambiente clínico convencional. Nível de Evidencia III, Estudo Transversal Comparativo.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate energy expenditure during gait in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis using a simple methodology applicable to the clinical setting. Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out comparing energy expenditure during gait in 19 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS Group) with 19 control individuals from the community (Comparison Group). Energy expenditure was measured in calories using a Polar telemetric watch (model FT7) in a 50-meters walking. Variables such as age, weight, height, BMI, initial hart rate, final hart rate, and gait time were recorded. Results: MPS Group showed an expenditure during gait of 2.84 Cal (± 1.01) versus 1.42 Cal (± 0.51), being 100% higher than the Comparison Group; MPS Group had also increased initial hart rate (22% higher), final hart rate (13% higher), and time waking (13% faster). Conclusions: energy expenditure during gait in MPS patients was twice higher compared to control individuals and the methodology for evaluation proved an efficient alternative to conventional clinical setting. Evidence Level III, Cross-sectional Comparative Study.

Energy expenditure during gait in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate energy expenditure in gait by mucopolysaccharidosis affected patients by means of a simple and adequate to the clinical environment methodology. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out comparing energy expenditure during gait in 19 patients suffering from mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS Group) with 19 asymptomatic control individuals (Control Group). Energy expenditure was measured in calories (cal) using a Polar telemetric watch (model FT7) during a 50 meter walk. Variables such as age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), initial hart rate, final hart rate, and walking time, were recorded. RESULTS: MPS Group showed a mean energy expenditure during gait of 2.84 cal (±1,01), versus 1.42 cal (±0,51), 100% higher than the Control Group; MPS also presented increased initial hart rate (22% higher), final hart rate (13% higher) and walking time (13% higher). CONCLUSIONS: Energy expenditure during gait in MPS patients was two times higher than control individuals; the methodology used showed to be a promising alternative, also adequate to the standard clinical environment. Level of Evidence III, Cross-sectional Comparative Study.

Incidência e avaliaçäo sazonal de escabiose na periferia de Porto Alegre / Communication

Os autores relatam a incidência da escabiose numa populaçäo da periferia de Porto Alegre, no período de agosto de 1996 a julho de 1997, demonstrando sua alta taxa de ocorrência (11,07 porcento). Os resultados mostram predominância dos casos no sexo feminino, na faixa etária infantil e nas estaçöes mais frias do ano (outono e inverno). O trabalho também ressalta o papel da sazonalidade como fator de risco na ocorrência dessa dermatose, relacionando-a com os dados obtidos.

Fatores epidemiológicos de risco associados à escabiose / Epidemiological risk factors associated to scabies

Os autores fazem breve levantamento da atual situaçäo da escabiose, demonstrando sua alta incidência entre as principais afecçöes dermatológicas. Revisam os principais fatores epidemiológicos de risco e discutem sua importância na manutençäo dessa dermatozoonose. Concluem o trabalho ressaltando o papel dos conhecimentos epidemiológicos e de outros fatores intrinsicamente associados à afecçäo para a elaboraçäo de programas dirigidos a seu real e efetivo controle

Técnicas de coloração cromossômica para estágios específicos da maturação nuclear de oócitos bovinos

This study was designed to determine the efficiency of three different technics for staining bovine oocyte in the germinal vesicle (GV), metafase I (MI) and metafase II (MII) stages. In these stages, oocytes without cumulus cells were fixed in acetic acid:methanol (1:3) either on slides (FLL) or in petri dishes (FPL) and stained with 1% of lacmoid in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Also, the oocytes were randomized divided in a third treatment, in which they were fixed on slides immersed in acetic acid:methanol (1:3) and stained with Giemsa (FLG). In the GV stage, the percentage of oocytes accurately identified in the FLL (93.5%) was significantly higher than in the FPL (53.1%; 2=9.84; p=0.0017) and FLG (55.2%; 2=9.03; p=0.0027) treatment groups. However, the proportion of oocytes in the MI and MII stages correctly stained with FLL technic (MI 41.7% and MII 41.9%) was statistically lower than that observed in the FPL (MI 90.0%, ²=13.25; p=0.0003, and MII 92.8%, ²=12.45; p=0.0004) and FLG (MI 83.3%, ²=10.69; p=0.0011, and MII 89.7%, ²=12.24; p=0.0005) treatment groups. With these results, it can be established that the efficiency of the technic to fix and to stain bovine oocyte depends on the nuclear maturation stage to be investigated.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de três técnicas de coloração nuclear de oócitos bovinos nos estágios de vesícula germinativa (VG), metáfase I (MI) e metáfase II (MII). Nestes três estágios de maturação nuclear, os oócitos, sem as células do cumulus, foram fixados em ácido acético:metanol (1:3) em lâminas (fixados em lâmina e corados com lacmóide; FLL) ou placa de petri (fixados em placa e corados com lacmóide; FPL) e corados com lacmóide a 1% em PBS (phosphate buffered saline). Os oócitos foram também distribuídos aleatoriamente a um terceiro grupo, no qual foram fixados em lâmina e corados com Giemsa (fixados em lâmina e corados com Giemsa; FLG). No estágio de VG, a percentagem de oócitos corretamente identificados no tratamento FLL (93,5%) foi significativamente maior do que nos tratamentos FPL (53,1%; ²9,84; p-0,0017) e FLG (55,2%; 2=9,03; p=0,0027). No entanto, a proporção de oócitos nos estágios de MI e MII precisamente corados com a técnica FLL (MI 41,7% e MII 41,9%) foram estatisticamente inferiores do que aquelas observadas nos tratamentos FPL (MI 90,0%, ²13,25; p=0,0003, e MII 92.8%, 2=12,45, p=0,0004) e FLG (MI 83,3%, 2=10,69; p=0,0011, e MII 89,7%, ²=12,24; p=0,0005). Assim sendo, os resultados demonstraram que a eficácia das técnicas de fixação e coloração dos oócitos bovinos depende do estágio de maturação nuclear que está em estudo.

TÉCNICAS DE COLORAÇÃO CROMOSSÔMICA PARA ESTÁGIOS ESPECÍFICOS DA MATURAÇÃO NUCLEAR DE OÓCITOS BOVINOS

This study was designed to determine the efficiency of three different technics for staining bovine oocyte in the germinal vesicle (GV), metafase I (MI) and metafase II (MII) stages. In these stages, oocytes without cumulus cells were fixed in acetic acid:methanol (1:3) either on slides (FLL) or in petri dishes (FPL) and stained with 1% of lacmoid in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Also, the oocytes were randomized divided in a third treatment, in which they were fixed on slides immersed in acetic acid:methanol (1:3) and stained with Giemsa (FLG). In the GV stage, the percentage of oocytes accurately identified in the FLL (93.5%) was significantly higher than in the FPL (53.1%; 2=9.84; p=0.0017) and FLG (55.2%; 2=9.03; p=0.0027) treatment groups. However, the proportion of oocytes in the MI and MII stages correctly stained with FLL technic (MI 41.7% and MII 41.9%) was statistically lower than that observed in the FPL (MI 90.0%, ²=13.25; p=0.0003, and MII 92.8%, ²=12.45; p=0.0004) and FLG (MI 83.3%, ²=10.69; p=0.0011, and MII 89.7%, ²=12.24; p=0.0005) treatment groups. With these results, it can be established that the efficiency of the technic to fix and to stain bovine oocyte depends on the nuclear maturation stage to be investigated.

O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia de três técnicas de coloração nuclear de oócitos bovinos nos estágios de vesícula germinativa (VG), metáfase I (MI) e metáfase II (MII). Nestes três estágios de maturação nuclear, os oócitos, sem as células do cumulus, foram fixados em ácido acético:metanol (1:3) em lâminas (fixados em lâmina e corados com lacmóide; FLL) ou placa de petri (fixados em placa e corados com lacmóide; FPL) e corados com lacmóide a 1% em PBS (phosphate buffered saline). Os oócitos foram também distribuídos aleatoriamente a um terceiro grupo, no qual foram fixados em lâmina e corados com Giemsa (fixados em lâmina e corados com Giemsa; FLG). No estágio de VG, a percentagem de oócitos corretamente identificados no tratamento FLL (93,5%) foi significativamente maior do que nos tratamentos FPL (53,1%; ²9,84; p-0,0017) e FLG (55,2%; 2=9,03; p=0,0027). No entanto, a proporção de oócitos nos estágios de MI e MII precisamente corados com a técnica FLL (MI 41,7% e MII 41,9%) foram estatisticamente inferiores do que aquelas observadas nos tratamentos FPL (MI 90,0%, ²13,25; p=0,0003, e MII 92.8%, 2=12,45, p=0,0004) e FLG (MI 83,3%, 2=10,69; p=0,0011, e MII 89,7%, ²=12,24; p=0,0005). Assim sendo, os resultados demonstraram que a eficácia das técnicas de fixação e coloração dos oócitos bovinos depende do estágio de maturação nuclear que está em estudo.