Investigating the effect of storm events on the particle size distribution in a combined sewer simulator.

The changes in particle size of sewer sediment particles rapidly eroded from a previously deposited sediment bed are described, using a rotating annular flume as a laboratory scale sewer simulator. This is the first time that particle size distributions of eroded sewer sediments from a previously deposited sediment bed have been monitored in such a controlled experimental environment. Sediments from Loenen, The Netherlands and Dundee, UK were used to form deposits in the base of the annular flume (WL Delft Netherlands) with varying conditions for consolidation in order to investigate the effect of changing consolidation time, temperature and sediment type on the amount and size of particles eroded from a bed under conditions of increasing shear. The median size of the eroded particles did not change significantly with temperature, although the eroded suspended solids concentration was greater for the higher temperature under the same shear stresses, indicating a weaker bed deposit. An increase in consolidation time caused an increase in median size of eroded solids at higher bed shear stresses, and this was accompanied by higher suspended solids concentrations. As the shear stress increased, the solids eroded from the bed developed under a longer consolidation time (56 hours) tended towards a broad unimodal distribution, whilst the size distribution of solids eroded from beds developed under shorter consolidation times (18 or 42 hours) retained a bi- or tri-modal distribution. Using different types of sediment in the flume had a marked effect on the size of particles eroded.

Reliability of individual differences in initial sensitivity and acute tolerance to nitrous oxide hypothermia.

On average, the hypothermia exhibited by rats receiving 60% nitrous oxide (N2O) eventually abates despite the continued inhalation of the drug (i.e., acute tolerance develops). However, large individual differences occur in both the magnitude of hypothermia achieved and the degree of acute tolerance that develops. To determine whether the degree of temperature loss and subsequent recovery during N2O administration are reliable characteristics of an individual, we measured intraperitoneal temperature via telemetry in 77 Long-Evans rats that each received 60% N2O for 5 h during two sessions separated by 14 days. Good intersession reliability (Pearson's r) was observed for simple change and adjusted change scores for both initial N2O temperature sensitivity (.61 < or = r < or = .62), and acute tolerance development (.46 < or = r < or = .52). In a separate experiment, three groups of rats were selected based on their individual body temperature patterns during an initial N2O administration: (1) insensitive to N2O hypothermia (n = 8); (2) marked hypothermia followed by acute tolerance development (n = 6); and (3) marked hypothermia followed by little acute tolerance development (n = 6). When retested 10 days later, each group exhibited a body temperature profile similar to that observed during the initial N2O exposure. Thus, the temperature profile observed during a rat's initial exposure to 60% N2O reflects a reproducible response for that animal.

Nitrous oxide-induced hypothermia in the rat: acute and chronic tolerance.

Although inhalation of nitrous oxide (N2O) causes hypothermia in rats, there is a paucity of information as to whether tolerance develops to this effect. The purpose of this study was to determine whether tolerance to N2O hypothermia develops within a single administration as well as over repeated administrations. Temperature was measured telemetrically by implanting intraperitoneal thermal sensors/transmitters in male Long-Evans rats. Experimental rats received an initial 2-h exposure to 60% N2O and became hypothermic relative to controls breathing placebo gas. Only a few rats demonstrated evidence of acute tolerance over the 120 min. Over the next 10 days, the experimental rats received five additional 30-min exposures to 60% N2O and five 30-min exposures to placebo while the control rats received only placebo gas exposures. Chronic tolerance developed to N2O hypothermia over these repeated administrations. A test for Pavlovian drug conditioning found no evidence that conditioned temperature effects contributed to chronic tolerance development. In a second experiment, naive rats were given a 380-min exposure to 60% N2O and a 380-min exposure to placebo gas in a counterbalanced order. Acute tolerance did develop to N2O hypothermia, with the recovery of temperature beginning after a mean of 141 min of gas administration. Hence, both acute and chronic tolerance develop to N2O's hypothermic effects in rats.

CARL: a LabVIEW 3 computer program for conducting exposure therapy for the treatment of dental injection fear.

This paper describes CARL (Computer Assisted Relaxation Learning), a computerized, exposure-based therapy program for the treatment of dental injection fear. The CARL program operates primarily in two different modes; in vitro, which presents a video-taped exposure hierarchy, and in vivo, which presents scripts for a dentist or hygienist to use while working with a subject. Two additional modes are used to train subjects to use the program and to administer behavioral assessment tests. The program contains five different modules, which function to register a subject, train subjects to use physical and cognitive relaxation techniques, deliver an exposure hierarchy, question subjects about the helpfulness of each of the therapy components, and test for memory effects of anxiolytic medication. Nine subjects have completed the CARL therapy program and 1-yr follow-up as participants in a placebo-controlled clinical trial examining the effects of alprazolam on exposure therapy for dental injection phobia. All nine subjects were able to receive two dental injections, and all reduced their general fear of dental injections. Initial results therefore indicate that the CARL program successfully reduces dental injection fear.

Pain control in recovering alcoholics: effects of local anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: The medical literature suggests that alcoholics may present greater challenges to achieving clinical pain control than nonalcoholics. This study was undertaken to test the hypotheses that: (1) significant differences exist between alcoholics and nonalcoholics on detection and pain thresholds during electric tooth stimulation; (2) group differences exist in the depth and time course of pulpal anesthesia; and (3) responses to tooth stimulation are associated with severity of alcoholism and/or other psychological factors. METHOD: Male alcoholics (n = 22) in aftercare treatment (mean length of sobriety = 113 days) and age-matched nonalcoholics (n = 22) received 1.0 ml of 3% mepivicaine at the apex of a maxillary lateral incisor and saline placebo at the apex of the contralateral incisor. RESULTS: At baseline no group differences were found on sensory thresholds. During drug intervention significant drug and time effects for both detection threshold (p < .0001) and pain threshold (p < .0001) were found, but group differences and interactive effects were not significant. By exploratory regression analysis of alcoholic subjects, history of depression/unhappiness was significantly associated with shallower pulpal anesthesia, whereas high need for control/low actual control and frequency of treatment for detoxification were associated with deeper anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest alcoholics in recovery are not at increased risk for inadequate pain control with local anesthesia.