Effect of Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Candida Albicans and Streptococcus Mutans on the Biofilm Formation on Prosthetic Materials.

AIM: To investigate the biofilm formation on Prosthetic materials as affected by type II diabetes mellitus, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two types of saliva, natural saliva, and artificial saliva were collected and prepared respectively. The natural saliva was divided into diabetic and non-diabetic saliva. The artificial saliva was further divided into two groups, one inoculated with Streptococcus mutans and the second with Candida albicans. The 150 samples of various prosthetic materials were prepared using nickel-chromium alloy, ceramic, soft liner, tooth molding powder; heat cured the acrylic resin. The samples were then immersed in natural saliva and artificial saliva and studied for biofilm formation. RESULTS: Diabetic saliva formed more biofilm than non-diabetic saliva. Streptococcus mutans were able to form more biofilm than Candida albicans in artificial saliva on constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR) and spinal length (SL). In Diabetic saliva, there was a significant difference in the biofilm formation seen between MC and NCA (p < 0.05). No biofilm was formed on hCAR in natural saliva (diabetic or non-diabetic). In artificial saliva inoculated with Candida albicans and streptococcus mutans there is a significant difference in the biofilm formation in all the materials except NCA. CONCLUSION: Diabetic saliva has more potential to form biofilm than non-diabetic saliva. Also, Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans both can form a biofilm on materials used with the maximum formation on hCAR. Smoother materials formed less biofilm than rougher surfaces like hCAR, PCM, SL. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: It is desirable for dental restorative materials to have a low susceptibility for accumulation and formation of biofilm as it may lead to pathologies such as dental caries, periodontal disease, peri-implantitis, etc. which are plaque-related. The most commonly used materials in prosthodontics have been used in the study to establish a direct relationship with the formation of biofilm, this, in turn, helps us to take the right call in choosing a material for a patient with an already compromised systemic condition.

Evaluation of condylar inclination of dentulous subjects determined by axiograph and to compare with manual programming of articulators using protrusive interocclusal record.

AIMS: To determine the average condylar inclination using ultrasonic axiograph; to determine the average condylar inclination using protrusive interocclusal bite records; to compare whether there is any marked difference in the values obtained by these techniques. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This clinical study compares the mean horizontal condylar inclination of the ultrasonic axiograph (Axioquick system) and the manual programming using protrusive interocclusal records. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted on a group of 30 subjects reporting to Department of Prosthodontics. Axioquick software system of SAM III (School Articulator Munich) fully-adjustable articulator was used, and interocclusal recording of condylar inclination is the manual method used in semi-adjustable articulators using Aluwax. The condylar inclination of the articulator was adjusted and set using protrusive interocclusal record. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The horizontal condylar inclination values of both methods were collected, and the mean of right and left condylar inclination was compared using paired t-test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference exists between Axioquick system and the manual method of programming articulator with protrusive interocclusal records (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of the present study, the following conclusions were drawn: The average condylar inclination by axiograph is 42.125°. The average condylar inclination by interocclusal record is 33.25°. Comparison of both values shows a difference of 8.88° ± 4.03° that showed a significant difference (P < 0.001).

Crevicular enzymes in peri-implant sulcus fluid around platform-switched implants: a pilot study.

This study compared levels of the 2 crevicular enzymes-myeloperoxidase (MPO) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-in peri-implant sulcus fluid (PISF) around platform-switched implants (implant group) vs the 2 enzymes' levels in gingival crevicular fluid around contralateral natural teeth (control group). Twenty subjects were selected from a population who were set to receive fixed implant prostheses. Samples for PISF were collected at 3 different intervals: 1 week after the placement of a healing abutment, 1 week after the implant prosthesis was loaded, and 3 months post-treatment. Control group samples were taken at the same time points. The results from the implant group showed a statistically significant reduction in MPO levels from the first to the third collection, and a statistically significant increase in ALP levels over the 3-month post-treatment period, as compared to the control group.

A study to correlate the incidence of cross arch balance and working side occlusal wear facets among different age groups: an in vivo study.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of group function and canine guided occlusion is common in natural dentition, but cross arch balance is not often seen. Hence, a study was carried out with following objectives: Analysis of incidence of cross arch balance in different age groups and working side occlusal wear facets in following subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 patients with natural dentition were included in the study. Subjects with cross arch balance were analyzed for working side occlusal wear facets. Data were analyzed statistically by Chi-square test. RESULTS: The incidence of cross arch balance in the study group was 0.7%. On examination, subjects with group function on the working side and cross arch balance on the non-working side had more occlusal wear facets. CONCLUSION: From the study, it was observed that there was no significant variation in the number and extent of wear facets between the cross arch and without cross arch subjects due the smaller sample size hence it was difficult to conclude the relationship non-working side contact as interference and its influence in wearing of dentition in this study.

A cephalometric study to ascertain the use of nasion as a guide in locating the position of orbitale as an anterior reference point among a population of South Coastal Karnataka.

CONTEXT: To ascertain the use of nasion as a guide in locating the position of orbitale as an anterior reference point in the face-bow transfer records in individuals having different facial types. AIMS: This study evaluated the distance from the nasion to the orbitale using cephalometric measurements to ascertain the use of nasion as a guide in locating the position of orbitale as an anterior reference point in individuals having different facial types among a population of South Coastal Karnataka. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Anthropometric measurements were made on 61 subjects and they were classified into mesoprosopic, euryprosopic and leptoprosopic facial type groups based upon the prosopic index. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken and nasion to orbitale distance was measured. The collected data was tabulated and statistically analyzed. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: The statistical test carried out was the analysis of variance test and correlations were checked for using Pearson's correlation test. RESULTS: The study found the mean distance from nasion to orbitale was 24.25 mm with a standard deviation 4.26 mm. A good correlation was found between prosopic index and nasion to orbitale distance. No statistically significant variation in nasion to orbitale distance in individuals of different facial types was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although, variation exists it was not statistically significant. However, since a large range of measurements were found, prior evaluation using cephalometric radiographs may be necessary in certain individuals.

Comparative study to evaluate the accuracy of polyether occlusal bite registration material and occlusal registration wax as a guide for occlusal reduction during tooth preparation.

INTRODUCTION: The use of different materials and techniques has been studied to decide the safest quantum of reduction of the occlusal surfaces. However, these methods provide limited information as to the actual amount of reduction with limitations in accuracy, accessibility and complexity. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the reliability of the most commonly used occlusal registration wax that with polyether bite registration material as a guide for occlusal reduction required during tooth preparations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the purpose of this study, 25 abutment teeth requiring tooth preparation for fixed prosthesis were selected and tooth preparations carried out. Modeling wax strips of specific dimensions were placed onto the cast of prepared tooth, which was mounted on maximum intercuspation on the articulator and the articulator was closed. The thickness of the wax registration was measured at three zones namely two functional cusps and central fossa. Similar measurements were made using the polyether bite registration material and prosthesis at the same zones. The data was tabulated and was subjected to statistical analysis using anova test and Tukey honestly significant difference test. RESULTS: The differences in thickness between wax record and prosthesis by 0.1346 mm, whereas the difference between polyether and prosthesis was 0.02 mm with a P value of 0.042, which is statistically significant. This means that the wax record was 8.25% larger than the prosthesis while polyether was just 1.27% larger than the prosthesis. CONCLUSION: The clinical significance of the above analysis is that Ramitec polyether bite registration material is most suitable material when compared with commonly used modeling wax during the tooth preparation.

A clinico-radiographic analysis of sagittal condylar guidance determined by protrusive interocclusal registration and panoramic radiographic images in humans.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the correlation between sagittal condylar guidance obtained by protrusive interocclusal records and panoramic radiograph tracing methods in human dentulous subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sagittal condylar guidance was determined in 75 dentulous subjects by protrusive interocclusal records using Aluwax through a face bow transfer (HANAU™ Spring Bow, Whip Mix Corporation, USA) to a semi-adjustable articulator (HANAU™ Wide-Vue Articulator, Whip Mix Corporation, USA). In the same subjects, the sagittal outline of the articular eminence and glenoid fossa was traced in panoramic radiographs. The sagittal condylar path inclination was constructed by joining the heights of curvature in the glenoid fossa and the corresponding articular eminence. This was then related to the constructed Frankfurt's horizontal plane to determine the radiographic angle of sagittal condylar guidance. RESULTS: A strong positive correlation existed between right and left condylar guidance by the protrusive interocclusal method (P 0.000) and similarly by the radiographic method (P 0.013). The mean difference between the condylar guidance obtained using both methods were 1.97° for the right side and 3.18° for the left side. This difference between the values by the two methods was found to be highly significant for the right (P 0.003) and left side (P 0.000), respectively. The sagittal condylar guidance obtained from both methods showed a significant positive correlation on right (P 0.000) and left side (P 0.015), respectively. CONCLUSION: Panoramic radiographic tracings of the sagittal condylar path guidance may be made relative to the Frankfurt's horizontal reference plane and the resulting condylar guidance angles used to set the condylar guide settings of semi-adjustable articulators.

An in vivo study to determine the range of posterior teeth disclusion on working side in canine-guided occlusion.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study was done with the objectives to determine the range of functional zone between the intercuspal positions and edge to edge position, the range of incomplete and complete disclusion of posterior teeth in canine-guided occlusion, and to have a gender comparison and comparison between right and left sides of the obtained values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five subjects showing canine-guided occlusion and Angle's class I canine and molar relation were chosen for the study. Maxillary midline and a corresponding line on the mandible were marked in maximum intercuspation with marker pen in the patient's mouth. Lines from 1 to 5 mm were marked on maxillary central incisor with marker pen. A dental floss was looped around the distal surface of mandibular last molar and the subject was asked to make left lateral movement (working side) at 1-mm intervals. The point at which floss was freed posteriorly was considered as initial disclusion and the point at which edges of maxillary and mandibular canines contacted was considered as complete disclusion. RESULTS: Most of the male and female subjects in the study showed progressive disclusion on right side and delayed disclusion on left side. The range of complete disclusion was 3-4 mm in males and 2-3 mm in females irrespective of the side. The range of functional zone was 1-4 mm irrespective of side or gender. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: There is a need to redefine canine guidance in terms of immediate disclusion, delayed disclusion, and progressive disclusion.

An in vitro study to evaluate the effect of storage time and application of subsequent layers on the variation in thickness of three commercially available die spacers.

AIMS: The application of a paint-on die spacer onto the dies prior to the fabrication of cast crowns is an acceptable procedure to improve the fit of the restoration. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the variation in thickness of different brands of die spacer based on the effect of storage time and application of additional layers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dies were duplicated from a master model of ivorine teeth, with a full ceramic preparation. Dies obtained were then painted with one, two, and three coats of each brand of die-spacers separately. These dies were embedded in die stone and sectioned bucco-lingually. The same procedure was done after three and six months. The thickness of the paint on die spacer was measured at five points on the die using an optical microscope, and the data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was a definite variation in the thickness of the die spacer with all the three brands and at various points on the die. Two coat thicknesses were found to be in the range of tolerance of 20-40 microns. Thickness at occlusal groove was noted to be the maximum with least at occlusoaxial line angles. Thickness also showed a very significant increase when bottles were stored for a period of three to six months and then applied.