Assessment of medication adherence among type-2 diabetes mellitus in a tertiary care hospital of North India.

Study was conducted utilizing a confirmed medication adherence scale to measure the socio-demographic profile, self-care, and medication adherence among Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. The Fisher exact test was used to calculate the level of significance (P) using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 21.0. The research presented in this paper uses statistical evidence to assess the numerous aspects that may be linked to medication adherence. A prospective observational study was undertaken on participants visiting the outpatient department for 6 months at a North Indian tertiary care hospital to investigate the pattern and quality of life associated with T2DM. The study examined those who had T2DM for more than 2 years. At the time of the visit, subjects were interviewed using socio demographic information and a structured verified questionnaire. Fisher exact test was used to identify the parameters that were linked to medication adherence, with P0.05 being regarded statistically significant. A total of 350 T2DM outpatients were followed up on, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:0.95. A 13-item medication adherence scale was created and tested, revealing that approximately 32% of participants demonstrated high adherence to anti-diabetic drugs (score = 13). The P value was obtained using Fisher exact test for educational status, occupation, marital status, and the quantity and kind of anti-diabetic drugs was found to be 0.05. Only 32% of the respondents took their diabetes medication as prescribed, indicating the need to improve adherence among T2DM patients. The quantity and kind of anti-diabetic drugs, as well as the patients' educational status, occupation, and marital status, all demonstrated a statistically significant relationship with medication adherence.

A global comparison of implementation and effectiveness of materiovigilance program: overview of regulations.

Medical devices, being life-saving tools, are considered to be a boon for healthcare system. However, in addition to their therapeutic effects, there are several ill consequences that are caused by these devices. An effective cohort vigilant system was needed to manage such adverse effects. This had led to the introduction of materiovigilance. Materiovigilance is the study and follow-up of occurrences that arise as a result from the usage of the medical equipment. It not only manages adverse events (AE) but also creates harmonization among countries. Keeping these objectives in focus, the principles, perspectives, and practices with regard to materiovigilance that are followed in the USA, Europe, China, Japan, Australia, Canada, and India are being compared. Such a comparison is essential, which will help us to understand the gaps in the current regulatory systems in the above-mentioned countries and furthermore will provide a comprehensive picture to the regulatory authorities to amend any existing laws if required. These amendments may ensure optimal patient safety by providing them a benign experience from the use of medical devices.

BCG Vaccine, A Ray of Hope in Treating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

In December 2019 in China, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Corona Virus - 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (also 2019 nCoV) was first discovered. Later, WHO declared that SARS-CoV-2 was responsible for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The round, elliptical or pleomorphic shape of the 2019-nCoV is 60-140 nm in diameter. It comprises a single stranded genome of RNA that comprises 29891 nucleotides, a lipid shell and spike protein, envelops membrane, and hemagglutinin- esterase (HE) proteins. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed to combat this disease as this disease became global pandemic. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine could be another approach and at present, it is the only TB prevention vaccine approved. Both TB and COVID-19 cause severe pneumonia. In this review, we have tried to correlate the pathophysiology of both these disease condition. In this review, we also have shown the history and current BCG practice throughout the world and it is hypothesized that the countries which strictly maintained and made mandatory call to recommend BCG vaccination are relatively less affected by COVID-19 pandemic. When BCG is exposed to a subsequent viral infection, it is allowed to lead to cross-reactive T cell responses, which result in increased activity of Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 + and Cluster of differentiation (CD) 8 + T cells and this may be a ray of hope in treating the SARS infection.