First epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis of Hepatitis B virus infection in migrants from Mali.

The armed conflict in Mali caused a migration crisis since 2012. Most Malian refugees were in Italy. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the seroprevalence of anti-HBV antibodies is particularly high. Genotype E is the most prevalent throughout a crescent covering area from Angola to Senegal, including Mali. We report 16 HBV positive individual from 136 Malian asylum seekers in order to investigate the genetic diversity of HBV in this population. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis has been used. The HBV genotype E isolates from Mali did not cluster together but were intermixed, with the other African sequences. Only three supported clade were evidenced and closely related to sequences from Burkina Faso. The estimated evolutionary rate was 9.29 × 104 . The root of the tree dated back to February 2008 in (95% HPD: 2006-2011). From this ancestor six main statistically supported clusters (pp > 0.80) were identified. The most recent Clade dated back to May 2015. The BSP showed that the effective number of infections softly increased from 2011 to the 2015. Phylogenetic analysis helped in understanding how two on sixteen individuals, have been infected in Italy, and give an important improvement in prevention campaigns and monitoring of the viral infection in migrants. J. Med. Virol. 89:639-646, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Phylogeny of Murray Valley encephalitis virus in Australia and Papua New Guinea.

OBJECTIVE: To study the genetic diversity of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) in Australia and Papua New Guinea. METHODS: MVEV envelope gene sequences were aligned using Clustal X and manual editing was performed with Bioedit. ModelTest v. 3.7 was used to select the simplest evolutionary model that adequately fitted the sequence data. Maximum likelihood analysis was performed using PhyML. The phylogenetic signal of the dataset was investigated by the likelihood mapping analysis. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree was built using BEAST. RESULTS: The phylogenetic trees showed two main clades. The clade Ⅰ including eight strains isolated from West Australia. The clade Ⅱ was characterized by at least four epidemic entries, three of which localized in Northern West Australia and one in Papua New Guinea. The estimated mean evolutionary rate value of the MVEV envelope gene was 0.407 × 10(-3) substitution/site/year (95% HPD: 0.623 × 10(-4)-0.780 × 10(-3)). Population dynamics defines a relative constant population until the year 2000, when a reduction occurred, probably due to a bottleneck. CONCLUSIONS: This study has been useful in supporting the probable connection between climate changes and viral evolution also by the vector point of view; multidisciplinary monitoring studies are important to prevent new viral epidemics inside and outside new endemic areas.