[Removal of higher viscosity oil through a hybrid 2-port 23/25 gauge pars plana vitrectomy]. / Hybrid-2-Port-23/25-G-Pars-plana-Vitrektomie zur Entfernung von Öl höherer Viskosität.

This article presents a new hybrid method of a combined 2­port 23/25G pars plana vitrectomy for removal of silicone oil (5700 centistokes) compared to a 25G vitrectomy. In this hybrid technique the infusion is performed through a 25G cannula and the oil removal through a 23G cannula. The duration of the surgery and the intraocular pressure (IOP) in both groups were compared. The oil removal using the hybrid technique was performed significantly faster with a reduction of the time by 32.2% but there was no difference in the IOP. In conclusion, silicone oil removal through a 25G cannula is generally possible but oil removal with the new hybrid technique is much faster.

Useful distracting information: ERP correlates of distractors in stimulus-response-episodes.

A basic process in regulating behavior that helps us to disentangle meaningful from distracting information is the binding of stimulus and response features into stimulus-response episodes or "event files". Recent studies have shown that even irrelevant information is bound into event files; distractor repetition on the next trial can trigger the response encoded in this episode, which is indicated by faster reaction times. The present study was conducted to get further insight into the electrophysiological underpinnings of those distractor-based retrieval. For that, we analyzed the N2, a negative deflection in event-related potentials that has been associated with a multitude of processes occurring when relevant and irrelevant stimuli compete with each other within a given trial or even in sequences of trials. Our study showed that distractor which did not provide useful information regarding the required behavior led to more negative N2 amplitudes, whereas distractors that provide useful response-related information were associated with less negative N2 amplitudes. Our results are explained as an adaptive mechanism that helps to hedge against invalid stimulus-response-bindings before an error occurs to increase efficiency of human behavior.