PROSHADE Protocol: Designing and Evaluating a Decision Aid for Promoting Shared Decision Making in Opportunistic Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Mix-Method Study.

Background: Opportunistic prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening may reduce prostate cancer mortality risk but is associated with false positive results, biopsy complications and overdiagnosis. Although different organisations have emphasised the importance of shared decision making (SDM) to assist men in deciding whether to undergo prostate cancer screening, recent evaluations show that the available decision aids fail to facilitate SDM, mainly because they do not consider the patients' perspective in their design. We aim to systematically develop and test a patient decision aid to promote SDM in prostate cancer screening, following the Knowledge to Action framework. Methods: (1) Feasibility study: a quantitative survey evaluating the population and clinician (urologists and general practitioners) knowledge of the benefits and risks derived from PSA determination and the awareness of the available recommendations. Focus groups to explore the challenges patients and clinicians face when discussing prostate cancer screening, the relevance of a decision aid and how best to integrate it into practice. (2) Patient decision aid development: Based on this data, an evidence-based multicomponent SDM patient decision aid will be developed. (3) User-testing: an assessment of the prototype of the initial patient decision aid through a user-testing design based on mix-methods (questionnaire and semi-structured review). The decision aid will be refined through several iterative cycles of feedback and redesign. (4) Validation: an evaluation of the patient decision aid through a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Discussion: The designed patient decision aid will provide balanced information on screening benefits and risks and should help patients to consider their personal preferences and to take a more active role in decision making. Conclusions: The well-designed patient decision aid (PDA) will provide balanced information on screening benefits and risks and help patients consider their personal preferences.

Vesicouterine fistula: teaching video on diagnosis and surgical treatment.

INTRODUCTION: A 42-year-old woman presented with urinary incontinence 9 years after the last of four vaginal deliveries. She had also had one Caesarean section. Immediately after the last delivery, she presented with haematuria, which resolved within a few hours, but the drain remained prophylactically for 7 days. Nine years later, she was referred to a specialist hospital. METHOD: The patient presented with continuous urinary incontinence, and physical examination revealed a loss of urine from the vagina, the latter confirmed by a methylene blue test showing loss of urine from the uterine cervix. Other diagnostic techniques used were cystography, cystoscopy and uro-CT. Based on a literature review of the management options for such patients and the relevant clinical details of our patient, a decision was made to perform a total abdominal hysterectomy and fistula repair. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Six months following surgery, the results were entirely satisfactory, with full urinary continence and significant improvement in the patient's quality of life. A discussion about controversial approaches to diagnosis and management is included.

[Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cancer]. / Nefroureterectomía laparoscópica mediante laparoscopia asistida por la mano para el tratamiento del carcinoma transicional del tracto urinario superior.

OBJECTIVE: To report our series of patients undergoing hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (HALNU) using the pluck-off procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patient undergoing HALMU for upper urinary tract urothelial tumors from November 2002 to December 2007 were assessed. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and oncological data were assessed. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 69 years. Mean operating time and mean intraoperative bleeding were 176 min and 381 mL respectively. Twenty percent of patients required transfusion of blood products. Conversion to open surgery was not required in any patient. Major and minor complications occurred in 25% and 30% of patients respectively.Mean time to oral intake was 48 hours, and mean hospital stay was 5 days.Pathological study revealed transitional cell carcinoma in all cases: grade I in 5%, grade II in 60%, and grade III in 35% of patients. Clinical stage was pTa in 5%, pT1 in 20%, pT2 in 25%, pT3 in 40%, and pT4 in 10% of patients. A bladder recurrence rate of 30% and a 49% overall survival were seen after a mean follow-up of 33 months (5-73). Six-year cancer-specific survival was 67%. No patient developed either peritoneal or surgical bed recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: HALMU using the pluck-off procedure is a feasible, safe, and effective surgery. Both surgical and oncological results are similar to those of open surgery and pure laparoscopy.

Nefroureterectomía laparoscópica mediante laparoscopia asistida por la mano para el tratamiento del carcinoma transicional del tracto urinario superior / Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for the treatment of upper urinary tract transitional cancer

Objetivo: Describimos nuestra serie de pacientes sometidos a nefroureterectomía por vía laparoscópica asistida por la mano (NU-LAM), con escisión cistoscópica circunferencial del uréter distal intramural. Material y métodos: Evaluamos a 20 pacientes sometidos a NU-LAM por tumor urotelial detracto urinario superior, entre noviembre-2002 y diciembre-2007. Valoramos datos demográficos y clínicos, quirúrgicos y datos oncológicos. Resultados: La media de edad de los pacientes fue de 69 años. La media del tiempo quirúrgico y el sangrado intraoperatorio fue de 176 min y 381 cc, respectivamente. El 20% de los pacientes requirió transfusión de hemoderivados. En ninguna ocasión fue necesaria la conversión a cirugía abierta y la tasa de complicaciones fue del 25% para las mayores y del 30% para las menores. Los pacientes iniciaron tolerancia oral a las 48 h de media, con una estancia media hospitalaria de 5 días. El estudio histológico catalogó al tumor urotelial en: grado I: 5% de los casos; grado II: 60%,y grado III: 35% de los casos; estadio clínico: Ta: 5%; T1: 20%; T2: 25%; T3: 40%, y T4: 10%. Con un seguimiento medio de 33 meses (5-73) se objetivó una tasa de recidiva vesical del 30%, una supervivencia global del 49% y una supervivencia cáncer específica del 67%, a los 6 años de seguimiento. Ningún paciente presentó cuadro de recidiva en el peritoneo ni en el lecho quirúrgico. Conclusiones: La NU-LAM con escisión cistoscópica del uréter distal es una técnica factible, segura y efectiva. Los resultados, tanto operatorios como oncológicos, son comparables con la cirugía abierta y con la laparoscopia pura (AU)

Objective: To report our series of patients undergoing hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (HALNU) using the pluck-off procedure. Materials and methods: Twenty patient undergoing HALMU for upper urinary tract urothelial tumors from November 2002 to December 2007 were assessed. Demographic, clinical, surgical, and oncological data were assessed. Results: Mean patient age was 69 years. Mean operating time and mean intraoperative bleeding were 176 min and 381 mL respectively. Twenty percent of patients required transfusion of blood products. Conversion to open surgery was not required in any patient. Major and minor complications occurred in 25% and 30% of patients respectively. Mean time to oral intake was 48 hours, and mean hospital stay was 5 days. Pathological study revealed transitional cell carcinoma in all cases: grade I in 5%, grade II in 60%, and grade III in 35% of patients. Clinical stage was pTa in 5%, pT1 in 20%, pT2 in25%, pT3 in 40%, and pT4 in 10% of patients. A bladder recurrence rate of 30% and a 49% overall survival were seen after a mean followup of 33 months (5-73). Six-year cancer-specific survival was 67%. No patient developed either peritoneal or surgical bed recurrence. Conclusions: HALMU using the pluck-off procedure is a feasible, safe, and effective surgery. Both surgical and oncological results are similar to those of open surgery and pure laparoscopy (AU)

[Hand-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy vs. open nephrectomy in the treatment of clinically localized renal cell carcinoma. Comparative study]. / Nefrectomía radical laparoscópica asistida por la mano frente a nefrectomía abierta en el tratamiento del carcinoma de células renales clínicamente localizado. Estudio comparativo.

INTRODUCTION: The description of the first laparoscopic nephrectomy made a revolution in the managing of the benign and malignant renal diseases. Hand-assisted laparoscopy (HAL) was developed with the aim of offering advantages to both patients and surgeons. The aim of the present work is to compare, in our experience, the results offered in the radical nephrectomy by HAL and open surgery, by analysis of surgical time, estimated blood loss during surgery and hospital stay. METHODS: Eleven Hand-assisted laparoscopic (HAL) radical nephrectomies and eight open radical nephrectomies were carried out at our institution during the same period (June 2001 to December 2002). All patients underwent computed tomography and were found to have a clinically localised functioning renal mass in all cases. The size of this renal mass was 4-7 cm (average 5.5 cm) in the HAL group and 4.5-15 cm (average 7.8 cm) in the open group. Patient age, body mass index, and American Society of Anaesthesiologists' score showed no significant difference between groups. RESULTS: The average surgical time in the HAL group was 156.72 minutes, the average blood loss during surgery was of 83.6 ml and the average hospital stay was of 3.09 days. Conversion to open surgery was not necessary in any patient. Average surgical time in the open surgery group was 178.25 minutes, the estimated blood loss during surgery was of 337.75 ml (p < 0.05) and the hospital stay was of 5.37 days (p < 0.05). The comparison of the means by two-tailed student's t test revealed significant differences in estimated blood loss and hospital stay, favoring HAL, and no significant differences in surgical time. CONCLUSIONS: HAL nephrectomy is feasible in almost all nephrectomies and is a safe, reproducible, and minimally invasive technique to perform extirpable renal surgery. HAL offer clear advantages over traditional open surgery, including decreased blood loss and hospital stay.

[Fatal evolution of a renal angiosarcoma]. / Evolución fatal de angiosarcoma renal.

OBJECTIVES: Report a new case of renal angiosarcoma treated by surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy with bad results. METHODS: 72-year-old male undergoing right nephrectomy for renal tumor. Pathology reports renal angiosarcoma. RESULTS: Three months after surgery patient refers lumbar pain and hemoptysis and CT scan reveals the existence of multiple bone and lung metastasis; a regimen of systemic chemotherapy with Doxorrubicine+ Ifosfamide was started without response; he died two months later. CONCLUSIONS: Primary renal angiosarcoma is very rare, with less than 10 cases in the literature before 1998, and it is always associated with bad prognosis. Diagnosis is based on immunohistochemical studies (antibodies against CD31, CD34 and factor VIII related antigen) to define the endothelial differentiation of the tumor. There is no experience to define the best therapeutic strategy against this entity.

Urograma en resonancia magnética como alternativa a la urografía I.V.A propósito de tres casos. Revisión de la literatura / MRI urography as an alternative to intravenous urography: report of three cases. Bibliographic review

OBJETIVOS: La urografía intravenosa ha sido considerada clásicamente como una exploración imprescindible en una gran mayoría de patologías urológicas debido a la mayor información que aporta tanto desde el punto de vista funcional como morfológico, sobretodo en alteraciones ureterales donde otras exploraciones no alcanzan suficiente definición. Sin embargo, existen casos en los que no es posible realizar una urografía intravenosa debido a procesos alérgicos al contraste yodado o insuficiencia renal con imposibilidad de eliminación del contraste. MÉTODOS: Se presentan tres casos, que representan el ejemplo de las indicaciones de urograma en RM como alternativa a la urografía i.v. en casos en los que ésta no se puede o no se debe realizar. RESULTADOS: El urograma en R.M.N. está totalmente aceptado como técnica de diagnóstico en patología urológica como procedimiento alternativo a la urografía I.V. Tienes ventajas, tales como, el obtener imágenes en múltiples planos, no usar radiación ionizante, no existen evidencias de que cause daño celular, no precisa de eliminación glomerular de ninguna sustancia por lo que puede ser usado en enfermos con insuficiencia renal y en alérgicos al contraste iodado. CONCLUSIONES: El uso del urograma en R.M.N. supone una ventaja en enfermos con insuficiencia renal, alergia al contraste iodado o mayor riesgo de nefrotoxicidad del mismo, como es el caso de los trasplantados renales (AU)

[Magnetic resonance urogram as alternative to i.v. urography. Report of 3 cases. Review of the literature]. / Urograma en resonancia magnética como alternativa a la urografia i.v. A propósito de tres casos. Revisión de la literatura.

OBJECTIVES: Intravenous urography (IVU) has been classically considered as an essential examination in the great majority of urologic diseases due to the great amount of information that supplies both functional and morphological, mainly for ureteral abnormalities where other exams do not reach enough definition. Nevertheless, there are cases in which it is not possible to perform an intravenous urography due to allergy to iodine contrasts or renal failure with impossibility of contrast excretion. METHODS: We report three cases which represent the example of the indications of MRI urography as an alternative to IVU in cases in which this latter cannot or should not be performed. RESULTS: MRI urography is completely accepted as a diagnostic technique for urologic diseases as an alternative to IVU. It has advantages, such as obtaining images in multiple planes, avoiding the use of ionizing radiation, that there is no evidence of it causing cell damage, that it does not require glomerular elimination of any substance so it can be used in patients with renal failure and allergy to iodine contrasts. CONCLUSIONS: The use of MRI urography results in an advantage for patients with renal failure, iodine contrasts allergy, or greater risk of contrast nephrotoxicity as it is the case of renal transplant patients.

[Controversies in the evaluation of asymptomatic microhematuria]. / Controversias en la evaluación de la microhematuria asintomática.

OBJECTIVE: Asymptomatic microhematuria continues to be a problem. It has a prevalence of 16% and numerous conditions can present this clinical manifestation. METHODS: A prospective study was carried out on all patients that consulted at the urological services during 2000 for asymptomatic hematuria. Patients presenting with irritative symptoms, urethral secretion, perineal or suprapubic pain, urinary tract infections, renal lithiasis or history of trauma were not included in the study. RESULTS: None of the patients presented tumors. Two patients presented renal lithiasis, 5 simple renal cysts, 8 hypercalciuria and 3 hyperuricosuria. None of the 11 patients with hypercalciuria or hyperuricosuria had a history of lithiasis. CONCLUSIONS: Although the size of the study is small, the incidence of tumors in patients with asymptomatic microhematuria appears to be far from the 12.5% incidence reported by some authors and might probably be closer to the 0.5% incidence reported by others. Furthermore, the significant pathology (renal lithiasis), which requires treatment, is also infrequent.

Controversias en la evaluación de la microhematuria asintomática / Controversies in the study of asymptomatic microhematuria

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hematuria microscópica sigue siendo en la actualidad un problema para el urólogo: se trata de una entidad que afecta hasta al 16 por ciento de la población general, siendo numerosas las enfermedades nefro y urológicas que pueden cursar con esta manifestación clínica.MÉTODOS: Hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo sobre los 98 pacientes que han acudido durante el año 2000 a nuestra consulta de urología, remitidos por presentar microhematuria asintomática. No hemos incluido a los pacientes que presentaban clínica irritativa, secreción uretral, dolor perineal o suprapúbico, infecciones urinarias, litiasis renal o antecedente de traumatismos.En todos ellos se ha practicado urocultivo, radiografía simple de abdomen, ecografía renovesical, citología urinaria (para filiar a la hematuria como glomerular o extraglomerular, así como para descartar la existencia de células sugerentes de tumoración urotelial), y se ha determinado calciuria y uricosuria en orina de 24 horas.En algunos pacientes, a juicio del facultativo, se ha practicado así mismo urografía intravenosa.RESULTADOS: Ninguno de los pacientes presentaba enfermedad tumoral. Dos pacientes presentaron litiasis renal, 5 pacientes quistes renales simples, 8 pacientes hipercalciuria y 3 hiperuricosuria (ninguno de estos 11 pacientes con hipercalciuria o hiperuricosuria presentaba antecedentes litiásicos) y en 8 pacientes el origen de la hematuria era glomerular, y fueron remitidos a estudio nefrológico.CONCLUSIONES: Aunque lo reducido de nuestra muestra no permite avanzar conclusiones relevantes, sí parece evidenciarse que la incidencia de patología tumoral en los pacientes con microhematuria no sintomática debe estar alejada de la cifra del 12,5 por ciento que indican algunos autores, estando probablemente más cerca del 0,5 por ciento que refieren otros. Por otra parte, la patología significativa, tributaria de tratamiento (litiasis renal) también es poco frecuente (AU)

Carcinoma basocelular de pene / Basal cell carcinoma of the penis

OBJETIVO: Dar a conocer una lesión muy poco frecuente que puede afectar al aparato genital masculino. MÉTODO: Se presenta el único caso acontecido en nuestro servicio, realizando una revisión de la literatura. RESULTADO Y CONCLUSIONES: El carcinoma basocelularde pene es una patología excepcional. Hasta la fecha hay 20 casos publicados. No se han documentado fidedignamente ningún caso de metástasis a distancia. Su diagnóstico macroscópico puede resultar muy difícil por el gran polimorfismo de estas lesiones, requiriendo del estudio histológico para su confirmación (AU)

Carcinoma escamoso de pene / Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis

OBJETIVO: El cáncer de pene es una neoplasia poco frecuente. Representa en nuestro medio una incidencia inferior al 1 por ciento del total de tumores que afectan al varón. La incidencia del mismo se ve incrementada en aquellos varones afectos de fimosis con escasa higiene y bajo nivel sociocultural. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se presenta una revisión retrospectiva de los últimos 23 años, sobre 73 carcinoma escamosos de pene. La edad media de los pacientes es de 65,7 años. A todos los pacientes le fue realizada una biopsia previa de la lesión. Se analiza de forma retrospectiva los antecedentes de fimosis y lesiones relacionadas, así como aspectos histológicos, clínicos, terapéuticos y de supervivencia. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los carcinomas escamosos diagnosticados y tratados presentaban una invasión superficial (pT1). El tratamiento llevado a cabo en la mayor parte de los casos fue la penectomía parcial en 42 casos, seguida de la penectomía total en 9 casos y emasculación en 2 casos. En 20 casos se realizó cirugía conservadora (exéresis de la lesión en 14 casos y postectomía en 6 casos). La linfadenectomía fue realizada en 11 pacientes. En 8 pacientes se aplicó radioterapia sobre la región inguinal. La tasa de recidiva tras el tratamiento quirúrgico fue del 11 por ciento (8 casos), 5 de ellos tras tratamiento conservador. Tras un seguimiento medio de 67,3 meses el índice de supervivencia fue del 78 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: La penectomía parcial es el tratamiento de elección de la lesión primaria. El pronóstico empeora en aquellos pacientes con cáncer invasivo y mala diferenciación celular, morfología ulcero-endofítica, y sobre todo en los pacientes con adenopatías metastásicas. La radioterapia no nos aportó beneficio alguno, dificultando la valoración de la exploración inguinal y aumentando la morbilidad en algunos casos. Los pacientes con tumor pT1 con buena diferenciación celular no presentaron durante el seguimiento adenopatías metastásicas. El seguimiento de estos pacientes es fundamental para actuar de forma rápida ante la presencia de recidiva o adenopatías metastásicas (AU)