Radiosynthesis of [18F]-Labelled Pro-Nucleotides (ProTides).

Phosphoramidate pro-nucleotides (ProTides) have revolutionized the field of anti-viral and anti-cancer nucleoside therapy, overcoming the major limitations of nucleoside therapies and achieving clinical and commercial success. Despite the translation of ProTide technology into the clinic, there remain unresolved in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic questions. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging using [18F]-labelled model ProTides could directly address key mechanistic questions and predict response to ProTide therapy. Here we report the first radiochemical synthesis of [18F]ProTides as novel probes for PET imaging. As a proof of concept, two chemically distinct radiolabelled ProTides have been synthesized as models of 3'- and 2'-fluorinated ProTides following different radiosynthetic approaches. The 3'-[18F]FLT ProTide was obtained via a late stage [18F]fluorination in radiochemical yields (RCY) of 15-30% (n = 5, decay-corrected from end of bombardment (EoB)), with high radiochemical purities (97%) and molar activities of 56 GBq/µmol (total synthesis time of 130 min.). The 2'-[18F]FIAU ProTide was obtained via an early stage [18F]fluorination approach with an RCY of 1-5% (n = 7, decay-corrected from EoB), with high radiochemical purities (98%) and molar activities of 53 GBq/µmol (total synthesis time of 240 min).

Fluorinated nucleosides as an important class of anticancer and antiviral agents.

Fluorine-containing nucleoside analogs (NAs) represent a significant class of the US FDA-approved chemotherapeutics widely used in the clinic. The incorporation of fluorine into drug-like agents modulates lipophilic, electronic and steric parameters, thus influencing pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Fluorine can block oxidative metabolism of drugs and the formation of undesired metabolites by changing H-bonding interactions. In this review, we focus our attention on chemical fluorination reagents and methods used in the NAs field, including positron emission tomography radiochemistry. We briefly discuss both the cellular biology and clinical properties of FDA-approved and fluorine-containing nucleoside/nucleotide analogs in development as well as common resistance mechanisms associated with their use. Finally, we emphasize pronucleotide strategies used to improve therapeutic outcome of NAs in the clinic.

A novel radiochemical approach to 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[(18) F]fluoro-ß-d-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine ((18) F-FAC).

(18) F-FAC (1-(2'-deoxy-2'-[(18) F]fluoro-ß-D-arabinofuranosyl)-cytosine) is an important 2'-fluoro-nucleoside-based positron emission tomography (PET) tracer that has been used for in vivo prediction of response to the widely used cancer chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Previously reported synthetic routes to (18) F-FAC have relied on early introduction of the (18) F radiolabel prior to attachment to protected cytosine base. Considering the (18) F radiochemical half-life (110 min) and the technical challenges of multi-step syntheses on PET radiochemistry modular systems, late-stage radiofluorination is preferred for reproducible and reliable radiosynthesis with in vivo applications. Herein, we report the first late-stage radiosynthesis of (18) F-FAC. Cytidine derivatives with leaving groups at the 2'-position are particularly prone to undergo anhydro side-product formation upon heating because of their electron density at the 2-carbonyl pyrimidone oxygen. Our rationally developed fluorination precursor showed an improved reactivity-to-stability ratio at elevated temperatures. (18) F-FAC was obtained in radiochemical yields of 4.3-5.5% (n = 8, decay-corrected from end of bombardment), with purities ≥98% and specific activities ≥63 GBq/µmol. The synthesis time was 168 min.

Radiochemical synthesis of 2'-[18F]-labelled and 3'-[18F]-labelled nucleosides for positron emission tomography imaging.

This review article considers 2'-labelled and 3'-labelled nucleosides, which are of great importance as positron emission tomography (PET) probes in clinical diagnostics and PET research. Although the radiochemical preparation of several [(18)F]-labelled nucleosides such as [(18)F]fluorothymidine or [(18)F](fluoroarabinofuranosyl)cytosine has been accomplished within the last two decades, a number of potentially interesting nucleoside-based biomarkers are not yet available for automated good manufacturing practice production due to the lack of fast and efficient synthetic methods for late-stage [(18)F]-introduction. In order to meet recent demands for new PET-based biomarkers in various clinical applications, appropriate precursors that can easily be fluorinated and deprotected need to be developed.

Strategy for improved [(11)C]DAA1106 radiosynthesis and in vivo peripheral benzodiazepine receptor imaging using microPET, evaluation of [(11)C]DAA1106.

INTRODUCTION: The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) has shown considerable potential as a clinical marker of neuroinflammation and tumour progression. [(11)C]DAA1106 ([(11)C]N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-(5-fluoro-2-phenoxyphenyl)-acetamide) is a promising positron emission tomography (PET) radioligand for imaging PBRs. METHODS: A four-step synthetic route was devised to prepare DAA1123, the precursor for [(11)C]DAA1106. Two robust, high yielding methods for radiosynthesis based on [(11)C]-O-methylation of DAA1123 were developed and implemented on a nuclear interface methylation module, producing [(11)C]DAA1106 with up to 25% radiochemical yields at end-of-synthesis based on [(11)C]CH(3)I trapped. Evaluation of [(11)C]DAA1106 for in vivo imaging was performed in a rabbit model with microPET, and the presence of PBR receptor in the target organ was further corroborated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The standard solution method produced 2.6-5.2 GBq (n=19) of [(11)C]DAA1106, whilst the captive solvent method produced 1.6-6.3 GBq (n=10) of [(11)C]DAA1106. Radiochemical purities obtained were 99% and specific radioactivity at end-of-synthesis was up to 200 GBq/micromol for both methods. Based on radiochemical product, shorter preparation times and simplicity of synthesis, the captive solvent method was chosen for routine productions of [(11)C]DAA1106. In vivo microPET [(11)C]DAA1106 scans of rabbit kidney demonstrated high levels of binding in the cortex. The subsequent introduction of nonradioactive DAA1106 (0.2 micromol) produced considerable displacement of the radioactive signal in this region. The presence of PBR in kidney cortex was further corroborated by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: A robust, high yielding captive solvent method of [(11)C]DAA1106 production was developed which enabled efficacious in vivo imaging of PBR expressing tissues in an animal model.

Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement.

Stimulant addiction is often linked to excessive risk taking, sensation seeking, and impulsivity, but in ways that are poorly understood. We report here that a form of impulsivity in rats predicts high rates of intravenous cocaine self-administration and is associated with changes in dopamine (DA) function before drug exposure. Using positron emission tomography, we demonstrated that D2/3 receptor availability is significantly reduced in the nucleus accumbens of impulsive rats that were never exposed to cocaine and that such effects are independent of DA release. These data demonstrate that trait impulsivity predicts cocaine reinforcement and that D2 receptor dysfunction in abstinent cocaine addicts may, in part, be determined by premorbid influences.