[Pathogenesis and combined surgical treatment of the pyonecrotic diabetic foot]. / Voprosy patogeneza i taktiki kompleksnogo khirurgicheskogo lecheniia gnoino-nekroticheskikh form sindroma diabeticheskoi stopy.

Three hundred and fifteen patients with necrotic forms of diabetic foot were examined and treated. Neuropathic infected form of diabetic foot was diagnosed in 45.7% patients, neuro-ischemic form--in 54.3%. Mixed aerobic-anaerobic infection in foot's necrotic focus was detected in 87.6% diabetic patients, only aerobic--in 12.4%. High level of intoxication was seen in these patients. Algorithm of complex surgical treatment of different forms of diabetic foot is presented.

[Immune status in diabetic patients with pyo-necrotic lesions of lower extremities]. / Sostoianie immuniteta u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom s gnoino-nekroticheskim porazheniem nizhnikh konechnostei.

Long-term and severe pyonecrotic processes in diabetic patients testify to severe disorders of immune system in this disease. High titer of antibodies to tested autostrain demonstrated its etiologic role in infectious process. The study group consisted of 29 patients (with diabetic pyonecrotic foot lesions), control group--17 patients with burns of III a, b--IV stage affecting from 20 to 60% of body surface. In diabetic patients antibodies titer to the most encountered infectious agents Staphilococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was lower than in burn patients with immunity deficiency. Decrease of antibodies titer in diabetic patients testifies to high insufficiency of B-immunity.

[A morphological and electron radioautographic study of the wound in the diabetic foot syndrome]. / Morfologicheskoe i élektronno-radioavtograficheskoe izuchenie rany pri sindrome diabeticheskoi stopy.

Two groups of patients with a grave form of diabetes mellitus type I and II with diabetic foot syndrome have been examined. Group 1 (21 cases) consisted of patients whose foot was amputated. The cause of the necrotic process was ischemia produced by alteration of the arterial vessels aggravated by infection. Patients of group 2 (18 cases) were treated with resultant wound healing and foot preservation. The material was subdivided into two subgroups: 1) tissue from the "infectious" foot with great amount of bacteria and inflammation reaction; 2) tissue from the "ischemic" foot with considerable alterations of microvessels structure. In both groups well developed granulation tissue was observed after the treatment; almost all the cells of this tissue included 3H-uridin and labelling with 3H-thymidine was increased in fibroblasts, endotheliocytes and pericytes.

[Use of pefloxacin in the treatment of patients with purulent wounds of soft tissues]. / Primenenie pefloksatsina dlia lecheniia bol'nykh s gnoinymi ranami miagkikh tkanei.

Pefloxacin was used in the treatment of 25 patients with wound infection in a dose of 400 mg orally twice a day for 10-12 days. As the monotherapy it was applied to 15 patients. 7 patients with clinical signs of non-clostridial anaerobic infection were treated with pefloxacin in combination with intravenous metronidazole. Pefloxacin was highly efficient in 96 per cent of the cases with extensive posttraumatic purulent wounds with and without bone affection, acute purulent wounds of the soft tissue, purulent wounds of the soft tissues in diabetic patients, trophic or decubitus ulcer. 266 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter spp. and Acinetobacter spp, were tested and 75 to 100 per cent of them was shown to be susceptible to pefloxacin and ciprofloxacin. At the same time the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella spp. were more susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The pathogen eradication and eradication with superinfection in the cases treated with pefloxacin amounted to 92 per cent. The drug tolerance was good. No clinically significant adverse events were recorded.

[Use of cefpirome in the treatment of patients with skin and soft tissue infections]. / Primenenie tsefpiroma pri lechenii bol'nykh s infektsiiami kozhi i miagkikh tkanei.

The efficacy of cefpirome was estimated in the treatment of 25 patients: 15 patients with pyo-necrotic wounds of the soft tissue of various genesis and localization and 10 patients with deep thermal burns involving 8 to 40 per cent of the body surface. The clinical and bacteriological efficacies of the treatment in the patients with the wound infection amounted to 100 and 80 per cent respectively. In the patients with the burn infection the respective values were 90 and 80 per cent. The drug tolerance was good. Adverse reactions were observed in 1 patient. Bolus intravenous administration of the drug was preferable by comparison with the injections.

[Ten-year experience with the use of ofloxacin in the treatment of wound infection]. / Desiatiletnii opyt ispol'zovaniia ofloksatsina pri lechenii ranevoi infektsii.

The experience with ofloxacin used for 10 years from 1986 to 1995 in the complex therapy of 208 patients with wound infection complicated in 51 patients (24.5 per cent) by respiratory tract infection such as purulent tracheobronchitis or pleuropneumonia was generalized. In 28 patients (13.5 per cent) persistent bacteriuria not susceptible to the routine drugs was stated. The clinical and bacteriological efficacies of ofloxacin in the group of the patients with noncomplicated purulent wounds of the soft tissues amounted to 85-91 and 74-80 per cent respectively. In the group of the patients with wound infection complicated by respiratory or urinary tract infection the clinical and bacteriological efficacies equaled 94-100 per cent. The appetite disorder, epigastric pain or nausea were rare. Only in 3 cases the adverse reactions required the treatment discontinuation. Despite the use of ofloxacin for many years, the susceptibility of the main causative agents of surgical infections to the drug remained high: Staphylococcus epidermidis 93.3 per cent, Staph.aureus 94.5 per cent, Pseudomonas aeruginosa 96.5 per cent, Escherichia coll 100 per cent, Proteus spp. 100 per cent, Enterobacter spp. 100 per cent, Acinetobacter spp. 82.3 per cent and Klebsiella spp. 88.8 per cent. The successive use of ofloxacin, at first intravenously for 3-5 days and then orally in the form of tablets for 3-5 days, in the treatment of 15 patients with wound infections of various genesis and localization subjected to osteoplastic reconstructive operations provided positive effects in all the cases and was economically advantageous.

[Microflora of purulent necrotic leisions of the foot in patients with diabetes mellitus]. / Mikroflora gnoino-nekroticheskikh porazhenii stopy u bol'nykh sakharnym diabetom.

Microflora of purulent necrotic lesions of the foot in 14 patients with diabetes mellitus was investigated by aerobic and anaerobic procedures. It was shown that the process was due to the same species of pathogenic microorganisms irrespective of the lesion severity. However, the number of the pathogens in the associations and the dissemination level per a patient were higher when the lesions were extended. The tissue microbial dissemination in the purulent foci was also higher in the patients with wounds complicated by marked inflammation of the surrounding tissues and the tissues under the lesion. The time course of the changes in the foot microflora during the target-aimed antibacterial therapy was followed up.

[Effectiveness of pefloxacin in the surgical clinic]. / Effektivnost' pefloksatsina v khirurichesko i klinike.

Pefloxacin (Rhone-Poulenc, France) was used prophylactically and therapeutically in 8 and 21 surgical inpatients respectively. The majority of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates were susceptible to pefloxacin (91 to 100 per cent). The isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were less susceptible (77 and 33.3 per cent respectively). The isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were mainly susceptible to the drug. The high antimicrobial activity of pefloxacin used therapeutically well correlated with the favourable time course of the main disease. When pefloxacin was used prophylactically the results were positive in all the cases. The drug tolerance in the majority of the cases was good. Only 2 patients developed allergic reactions as multiple minipunctate rash. After discontinuation of the drug use and short-term course of the desensitization the clinical sings of the allergic reactions disappeared in 3 days.

[Use of a combination of cefoperazone with sulbactam for treatment of patients with wound infections]. / Primenenie kombinatsii tsefoperazona s sul'baktamom dlia lecheniia bol'nykh s ranevoi infektsiei.

The clinical efficacy of sulperazone (cefoperazone + sulbactam) manufactured by Pfizer (USA) was studied in the treatment of 25 patients with wound infections. By the disease severity and complications 9 patients belonged to the risk group. Insulators with abacterial media or bandages with ointments on the polyethylene glycol base and drugs stimulating reparative processes (methyl-diadioxylin, dioxyzol, gentacycol) were used for the local treatment of the wounds. The clinical efficacy was stated in 92 per cent of the cases and in 76 per cent of the cases the efficacy was bacteriological. The tolerance of sulperazon was good in all the cases. The signs of the drug intolerance or affection of the hepatic or renal function were not detected. 281 clinical isolates of the aerobic microflora were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility. The highest susceptibility to sulperazone was observed in gram-positive organisms, gram-negative bacilli (Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp.) and some nonfermenting bacteria.

[A trial of using Cefobid (cefoperazone) in treating infections of the skin and soft tissues]. / Opyt primeneniia tsefobida (tsefoperazona) pri lechenii infektsii kozhi i miagkikh tkanei.

A clinical laboratory investigation of cefoperazon in the treatment of 27 patients with burn traumata and purulent necrotic wounds of the soft tissues of various genesis and localization was carried out. The clinical efficacy of the treatment was 75-86.6 per cent. 4 patients with extended purulent wounds of the soft tissues and bone affections were treated with cefoperazon and local application of gentacicol (a dosage form of gentamicin based on collagen with prolonged action) which provided the clinical effect in all the cases. 226 isolates from the wounds, urine, blood, sputum, pleural fluid and other substrates were tested and a rather high activity of cefoperazon against many strains of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms including Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Providencia sp. and Proteus spp. was revealed. The tolerance of the drug in all the cases was good.

[Ciprofloxacin in the prevention and treatment of surgical infections]. / Primenenie tsiprofloksatsina v profilaktike i lechenii khirurgicheskikh infektsii.

A clinico-laboratory study on ciprofloxacin made by Bayer (Germany) was applied to patients with extended posttraumatic wounds and performed with the aim of preventing postoperative purulent complications in patients operated on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract. In the both groups ciprofloxacin was administered orally in doses of 500 and 1000 mg and intravenously in a dose of 200 mg. The results of the assay on ciprofloxacin sensitivity of the isolates from the wound excretion and urine showed that they were more sensitive to ciprofloxacin than to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. 15 minutes after the intravenous administration the serum concentration of ciprofloxacin amounted to 7.5 +/- 0.9 micrograms/ml and in 6 hours it was equal to 0.45 +/- 0.45 micrograms/ml, the mean concentrations of ciprofloxacin being attained in the bile (8.7 +/- +/- 3.9 micrograms/ml), gallbladder wall (5.5 +/- 3.8 micrograms/g), liver (0.73 micrograms/g), muscles (1.93 micrograms/g) and tendon (0.15 microgram/g). After the oral administration in a dose of 500 mg ciprofloxacin was detected in the blood serum in an amount of 2.0 +/- 0.7 micrograms/ml in 1 hour and in an amount of 0.9 +/- 0.13 micrograms/ml in 6 hours. After the drug oral administration in a dose of 1000 mg the maximum concentrations were: 6.34 +/- 4.2 micrograms/ml on the average and 2.1 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml in 6 hours (0.4 micrograms/g in the muscles, 1.4 micrograms/g in the skin and 0.34 micrograms/g in the bones). The study showed that ciprofloxacin was a highly efficient antimicrobial agent in the treatment of the complicated wound infections and the prophylaxis of the purulent complications during the postoperative period in the patients operated on gastrointestinal organs.