RESUMO
The impact of aviation on climate change is reflected in increasing emissions of CO2 and other pollutants from fuel burning emitted at high altitudes, representing 2.9 % of total Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in 2019. However, mitigations options for decarbonization of aviation are difficult to implement given operational safety, technology maturity, energy density and other constraints. One alternative for mitigation is the use of certified sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) with lower carbon intensity than conventional jet fuel (CJF). This research presents an inventory of Argentine civil aviation emissions for its domestic and international flights, and analyzes the possibility of supplying SAF as a mitigation strategy given its abundant biomass production. Argentine aviation activity is presented as a monthly 4D (latitude, longitude, altitude and time) spatial inventory for the interval 2001-2021, based on origin and destination city pairs, aircraft types and airlines. Fuel consumption and pollutant emissions were calculated for landing-and-take-off and cruise phases. Monthly domestic ranged from 67 to 179 kt CO2eq (2001-2019). Annual peak values occurred in 2019 consuming 560 kt CJF and direct emitting of 1.77 Mt CO2eq. While Revenue-Passenger-Kilometer (RPK) grew almost 4 times (4.18 × 109 in 2001 to 16.42 × 109 in 2019), the number of flights changed only 1.5 times (from 98,000 in 2002 to 152,000 in 2019). The main efficiency indexes varied from 97 t CJF/RPK, 308 gCO2eq/RPK to 34 t CJF/RPK, 107 gCO2eq/RPK between 2001 and 2019, respectively, showing an average annual improvement of 3.5 % due to partial fleet renewal, especially from 2015 onwards. Emissions of other pollutants for 2019 reached total values of CO 14.14 kt; NOx 6.77 kt; PM tot 55.12 kt. For the period 2001-2019, international aviation consumed between 1 Mt - 1.5 Mt CJF, directly emitting between 3.30 and 4.80 Mt of CO2eq; RPKs went from 6.234 × 109 to 20.524 × 109; the efficiency indices ranged from 529 to 240 gCO2eq/RPK. The most important changes occurred with an optimization of routes and number of flights and the replacement of the four-engines (B747, A380) by more efficient twin-engines (B777, A330) aircraft. Argentina is not required to any offsetting regulatory program due to its small aviation market (approx. 0.22 % global market in 2019), nor has to date certified SAF production pathways, nevertheless it has potential for SAF availability based on actual biofuels production (ethanol, biodiesel and soybean oil) and biomass feedstock's existences. In this sense this studies proposes that 2019 domestic fuel consumption could be supplied using 79 % exportable amounts of sugarcane ethanol (257 ± 53 kt) (by Ethanol to Jet ETJ) and 34 % of exportable soybean oil (1079 ± 160 kt) (by hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids- HEFA) pathways. For this scenario average GHG emissions reached 1.321 ± 0.115 Mt CO2eq; which would imply a 62 % of the current emission value using CJF (2.17Mt CO2eq), or savings of about 838 kt CO2eq (38 %). At the 2019 level of harvest and biofuel production, up to 1.4 Mt of SAF could be produced from sugarcane ethanol/ETJ and soybean oil/HEFA mitigating up to 1.8 MtCO2eq. A 35 kt CO2eq annual sectoral national mitigation strategy could be reached by using 14 kt of SAF.
RESUMO
The Central Andes region is considered an area of high environmental relevance in South America and it is rich in glaciers, which are the main fresh water sources and reservoirs of the region. The presence of organochlorine compounds (OCs) is an environmental threat due to their persistence and adverse effects on wildlife and humans. The levels of OCs, such as chlordane compounds (CHLs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were determined in muscle and liver tissues of fish and in sediments collected from different sites of the central Andes: the Mendoza River and the Yaucha River (rainbow trout: Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Carrizal Dam (silverside: Odontesthes bonariensis). Regardless of studied site and fish tissue, the general OC trend was: DDTsâ¯>â¯PCBsâ¯>â¯HCHsâ¯>â¯CHLsâ¯>â¯HCB. The results showed clear geographic distribution patterns for DDTs. Among the sampling sites, silverside fish showed the highest average load of DDTs (614 and 867â¯ngâ¯g-1 lw in muscle and liver tissues, respectively). Based on the biota-sediment bioaccumulation factor (BSAF), both rainbow trout and silverside fish showed comparable capability to accumulate p,p'-DDT in their tissues. Intraspecific correlational analysis showed that CB-138 in muscle and p,p'-DDT in liver were clearly correlated with the lipid content in silverside specimens, which highlights the relevance of taking into account the fat content and the type of target tissues.
Assuntos
Monitoramento Ambiental , Peixes/metabolismo , Sedimentos Geológicos/análise , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/metabolismo , Poluentes Químicos da Água/metabolismo , Animais , Argentina , Hidrocarbonetos Clorados/análise , Lagos/análise , Fígado/química , Músculos/química , Rios , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análiseRESUMO
This study presents a 2014 high-resolution spatially disaggregated emission inventory (0.025° × 0.025° horizontal resolution), of the main activities in the energy sector in Argentina. The sub-sectors considered are public generation of electricity, oil refineries, cement production, transport (maritime, air, rail and road), residential and commercial. The following pollutants were included: greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O), ozone precursors (CO, NOx, VOC) and other specific air quality indicators such as SO2, PM10, and PM2.5. This work could contribute to a better geographical allocation of the pollutant sources through census based population maps. Considering the sources of greenhouse gas emissions, the total amount is 144 Tg CO2eq, from which the transportation sector emits 57.8 Tg (40%); followed by electricity generation, with 40.9 Tg (28%); residential + commercial, with 31.24 Tg (22%); and cement and refinery production, with 14.3 Tg (10%). This inventory shows that 49% of the total emissions occur in rural areas: 31% in rural areas of medium population density, 13% in intermediate urban areas and 7% in densely populated urban areas. However, if emissions are analyzed by extension (per square km), the largest impact is observed in medium and densely populated urban areas, reaching more than 20.3 Gg per square km of greenhouse gases, 297 Mg/km2 of ozone precursors gases and 11.5 Mg/km2 of other air quality emissions. A comparison with the EDGAR global emission database shows that, although the total country emissions are similar for several sub sectors and pollutants, its spatial distribution is not applicable to Argentina. The road and residential transport emissions represented by EDGAR result in an overestimation of emissions in rural areas and an underestimation in urban areas, especially in more densely populated areas. EDGAR underestimates 60 Gg of methane emissions from road transport sector and fugitive emissions from refining activities.
RESUMO
Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo es la revisión de la Ley 5100 y su Decreto Reglamentario a fin de sugerir modificaciones, de considerarse oportuno a la luz de la experiencia acumulada en el control de la calidad del aire
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar , LegislaçãoRESUMO
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo completar y actualizar la normativa exiastente en calidad de aire de la Provincia de Mendoza mediante el desarrollo de lineamientos para la modificación del Decreto Reglamentario 2404/89, de la Ley Provincial 5100 y la propuesta de un Plan de Gestión Ambiental para el Recurso Aire
Assuntos
Argentina , Poluição do Ar , LegislaçãoRESUMO
El presente informe tuvo como objetivo completar y actualizar la normativa existente sobre emisiones de vehículos de motor para Mendoza, a través de una propuesta de modificación del Decreto Reglamentario 2404/89 de la Ley Provincial 5100 incluyendo los métodos de ensayo respectivo. Las emisiones vehiculares representan la fuente más importante del deterioro de su calidad de aire que se manifiesta en las enfermedades respitarorias, disminución de la productividad y una disminución del valor artístico y cultural del área contaminada
Assuntos
Argentina , Poluição do Ar , Poluição Difusa , Monóxido de Carbono , LegislaçãoRESUMO
El presente informe tuvo como objetivo completar y actualizar la normativa existente sobre emisiones de vehículos de motor para Mendoza, a través de una propuesta de modificación del Decreto Reglamentario 2404/89 de la Ley Provincial 5100 incluyendo los métodos de ensayo respectivo. Las emisiones vehiculares representan la fuente más importante del deterioro de su calidad de aire que se manifiesta en las enfermedades respitarorias, disminución de la productividad y una disminución del valor artístico y cultural del área contaminada
Assuntos
Argentina , Poluição Difusa , Legislação , Monóxido de Carbono , Poluição do ArRESUMO
Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo completar y actualizar la normativa exiastente en calidad de aire de la Provincia de Mendoza mediante el desarrollo de lineamientos para la modificación del Decreto Reglamentario 2404/89, de la Ley Provincial 5100 y la propuesta de un Plan de Gestión Ambiental para el Recurso Aire
Assuntos
Argentina , Legislação , Poluição do ArRESUMO
Uno de los objetivos de este trabajo es la revisión de la Ley 5100 y su Decreto Reglamentario a fin de sugerir modificaciones, de considerarse oportuno a la luz de la experiencia acumulada en el control de la calidad del aire
Assuntos
Legislação , Poluição do ArRESUMO
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo establecer criterios de preservación del recurso aire para plantas de tratamiento de residuos y aspectos normativos para la autorización de localización de plantas de tratamiento de residuos a través del estudio detallado de tres casos de incineración. Se realizó un estudio de simulación de las emisiones provenientes de estas actividades. La distribución zonal de estas emisiones, usando la meteorología local permite establecer un criterio técnico de evaluación de la calidad del aire y de zonificación (desde el punto de vista de la calidad del aire). Sin embargo otros aspectos como la aceptabilidad social del proyecto, no está necesariamente unido a criterios puramente técnicos, sino que intervienen otros factores muy importantes. Se revisan las tecnologías de reducción de emisiones, se sugieren estándares de emisión apropiados y se hace un análisis crítico de la situación de los residuos en Mendoza, con sugerencias a la autoridad de aplicación
Assuntos
Argentina , Poluição do Ar , Resíduos Sólidos , Incineração , Controle da Qualidade do ArRESUMO
El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo establecer criterios de preservación del recurso aire para plantas de tratamiento de residuos y aspectos normativos para la autorización de localización de plantas de tratamiento de residuos a través del estudio detallado de tres casos de incineración. Se realizó un estudio de simulación de las emisiones provenientes de estas actividades. La distribución zonal de estas emisiones, usando la meteorología local permite establecer un criterio técnico de evaluación de la calidad del aire y de zonificación (desde el punto de vista de la calidad del aire). Sin embargo otros aspectos como la aceptabilidad social del proyecto, no está necesariamente unido a criterios puramente técnicos, sino que intervienen otros factores muy importantes. Se revisan las tecnologías de reducción de emisiones, se sugieren estándares de emisión apropiados y se hace un análisis crítico de la situación de los residuos en Mendoza, con sugerencias a la autoridad de aplicación
