RESUMO
Cell cycle progression through its regulatory control by changes in intracellular Ca(2+) levels at the G1/S transition mediates cellular proliferation and viability. Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent kinase 1 (CaMKI) appears critical in regulating the assembly of the cyclin D1/cdk4 complex essential for G1 progression, but how this occurs is unknown. Cyclin D1/cdk4 assembly in the early G1 phase is also regulated via binding to p27. Here, we show that a ubiquitin E3 ligase component, F-box protein Fbxl12, mediates CaMKI degradation via a proteasome-directed pathway leading to disruption of cyclin D1/cdk4 complex assembly and resultant G1 arrest in lung epithelia. We also demonstrate that i) CaMKI phosphorylates p27 at Thr(157) and Thr(198) in human cells and at Thr(170) and Thr(197) in mouse cells to modulate its subcellular localization; ii) Fbxl12-induced CaMKI degradation attenuates p27 phosphorylation at these sites in early G1 and iii) activation of CaMKI during G1 transition followed by p27 phosphorylation appears to be upstream to other p27 phosphorylation events, an effect abrogated by Fbxl12 overexpression. Lastly, known inducers of G1 arrest significantly increase Fbxl12 levels in cells. Thus, Fbxl12 may be a previously uncharacterized, functional growth inhibitor regulating cell cycle progression that might be used for mechanism-based therapy.
Assuntos
Sinalização do Cálcio/genética , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de Cálcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Ciclina D1/metabolismo , Proteínas F-Box/metabolismo , Pontos de Checagem da Fase G1 do Ciclo Celular/genética , Animais , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de Cálcio-Calmodulina/genética , Pontos de Checagem do Ciclo Celular/genética , Ciclina D1/genética , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/genética , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , ProteóliseRESUMO
We have established a cohort of natural viral suppressors (NVS) who can suppress HIV-1 replication to less than 400 copies/ml in the absence of therapy (similar to Elite Controllers/Elite Suppressors). Of the 59 patients currently in the NVS cohort, 45.8% have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, thereby presenting a unique opportunity to study immune activation and the interaction between HCV and HIV. NVS with chronic HCV infection had elevated levels of immune activation (CD38-positive HLA-DR-positive CD8 cells) compared to NVS without chronic HCV (P = 0.004). The increased levels of immune activation were not associated with sex, HLA B57 status, or injection drug use use. NVS patients with chronic HCV had lower mean CD4 cell counts, CD4 percentage, and CD4/CD8 ratios than NVS without chronic HCV infection (P = 0.038, P = 0.008, and P = 0.048, respectively). The difference in CD4 cell count appeared to occur early in HIV infection with no difference observed in CD4 slopes between groups. Among all NVS, there was a direct correlation between mean CD4 cell count, mean CD4 percentage, and mean CD4/CD8 ratio with percentage of CD38 HLA-DR CD8 cells (P = 0.0018; P = 0.0069; and P = 0.0014, respectively). This study suggests a relationship between HCV infection, immune activation, and CD4 cell counts in the NVS, with chronic HCV infection associated with lower CD4 cell counts and higher levels of immune activation. Further studies are needed to determine if successful HCV treatment lowers immune activation levels and/or increases CD4 cell counts in these patients.
Assuntos
Contagem de Linfócito CD4 , Soropositividade para HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/imunologia , Hepacivirus/imunologia , Hepatite C Crônica/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Replicação Viral/imunologia , Relação CD4-CD8 , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Estudos de Coortes , Coinfecção , Feminino , Soropositividade para HIV/fisiopatologia , Soropositividade para HIV/virologia , Hepatite C Crônica/fisiopatologia , Hepatite C Crônica/virologia , Humanos , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RNA Viral , Carga ViralRESUMO
We identified a new calmodulin kinase I (CaMKI) substrate, cytidyltransferase (CCTα), a crucial enzyme required for maintenance of cell membranes. CCTα becomes activated with translocation from the cytoplasm to the nuclear membrane, resulting in increased membrane phospholipids. Calcium-activated CCTα nuclear import is mediated by binding of its C-terminus to 14-3-3 ζ, a regulator of nuclear trafficking. Here CaMK1 phosphorylates residues within this C-terminus that signals association of CCTα with 14-3-3 ζ to initiate calcium-induced nuclear entry. CaMKI docks within the CCTα membrane-binding domain (residues 290-299), a sequence that displays similarities to a canonical nuclear export signal (NES) that also binds CRM1/exportin 1. Expression of a CFP-CCTα mutant lacking residues 290-299 in cells results in cytosolically retained enzyme. CRM1/exportin 1 was required for CCTα nuclear export, and its overexpression in cells was partially sufficient to trigger CCTα nuclear export despite calcium stimulation. An isolated CFP-290-299 peptide remained in the nucleus in the presence of leptomycin B but was able to target to the cytoplasm with farnesol. Thus CaMKI vies with CRM1/exportin 1 for access to a NES, and assembly of a CaMKI-14-3-3 ζ-CCTα complex is a key effector mechanism that drives nuclear CCTα translocation.
