RESUMO
Toxoplasma gondii isolates can be grouped into 3 genetic lineages. Type I isolates are considered more virulent in outbred mice and have been isolated predominantly from clinical cases of human toxoplasmosis, whereas types II and III isolates are considered less virulent for mice and are found in humans and food animals. Little is known of genotypes of T. gondii isolates from wild animals. In the present report, genotypes of isolates of T. gondii from wildlife in the United States are described. Sera from wildlife were tested for antibodies to T. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and tissues from animals with titers of 1:25 (seropositive) were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from the hearts of 21 of 34 seropositive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Mississippi and from 7 of 29 raccoons (Procyon lotor); 5 of 6 bobcats (Lynx rufus); and the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and coyote (Canis latrans) from Georgia. Toxoplasma gondii was also isolated from 7 of 10 seropositive black bears (Ursus americanus) from Pennsylvania by bioassay in cats. All 3 genotypes of T. gondii based on the SAG2 locus were circulating among wildlife.
Assuntos
Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Carnívoros/parasitologia , Cervos/parasitologia , Toxoplasma/genética , Toxoplasmose Animal/parasitologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antiprotozoários/sangue , Bioensaio , Gatos , Feminino , Genótipo , Coração/parasitologia , Camundongos , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasma/imunologia , Toxoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Toxoplasma/patogenicidade , Toxoplasmose Animal/epidemiologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Ursidae/parasitologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
The mechanism of lymphedema development in individuals with lymphatic filariasis is presently poorly understood. To investigate whether Wolbachia, symbiotic bacteria living within filarial nematodes, may be involved in disease progression, Wolbachia-specific immune responses were assayed in a group of Brugia malayi-infected rhesus monkeys. Serum IgG antibodies specific for a major Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) were detected in 2 of 12 infected monkeys. It is interesting that both of these monkeys developed lymphedema after becoming amicrofilaremic. WSP-specific antibody responses were temporally associated with increases in antifilarial IgG1 antibodies as well as lymphedema development. These findings suggest that Wolbachia may be important in understanding disease caused by filarial worms.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Proteínas de Bactérias/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Infecções por Rickettsia/imunologia , Wolbachia , Animais , Especificidade de Anticorpos , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Sequência de Bases , Clonagem Molecular , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Humanos , Linfedema/etiologia , Linfedema/imunologia , Macaca mulatta , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusão/imunologia , Infecções por Rickettsia/sangue , Infecções por Rickettsia/complicações , Fatores de Tempo , Wolbachia/imunologiaRESUMO
The human cullin protein CUL-2 functions in a ubiquitin-ligase complex with the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor protein. Here we show that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, cul-2 is expressed in proliferating cells and is required at two distinct points in the cell cycle, the G1-to-S-phase transition and mitosis. cul-2 mutant germ cells undergo a G1-phase arrest that correlates with accumulation of CKI-1, a member of the CIP/KIP family of cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitors. In cul-2 mutant embryos, mitotic chromosomes are unable to condense, leading to unequal DNA segregation, chromosome bridging and the formation of multiple nuclei.
