Direct, indirect and total effectiveness of bivalent HPV vaccine in women in Galicia, Spain.

Bivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was incorporated into the childhood vaccination calendar in Galicia, Spain in 2008. The objectives of this study were to estimate direct, indirect and total effectiveness of HPV vaccine and to identify sexual habits changes in the post-vaccination period in Galicia, Spain.Endocervical scrapings of 745 women attending 7 Health Areas of the Galician Public Health Service were collected in the post-vaccination period, from 2014-2017. Two groups were studied: women born between 1989 and 1993 (n = 397) and women born in 1994 or later (n = 348). Twelve high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genotypes were detected by Cobas® 4800 HPV test (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). The Linear Array® HPV Genotyping Test (Roche Diagnostics) was used for HR-HPV genotype detection other than HPV 16/18. Information about sexual habits was collected by a self-filled questionnaire. Post-vaccination data were compared to previously published pre-vaccination data obtained between 2008 and 2010 in Galicia from women of the same age (18-26 years old, n = 523). The Stata 14.2 software was employed for statistical analyses.Data from 392 unvaccinated and 353 vaccinated women were compared. For unvaccinated and vaccinated women, HPV 16/18 prevalence was 9.2% and 0.8%, respectively, and HPV 31/33/45 prevalence was 8.4% and 1.1%, respectively. Direct, indirect and total effectiveness of the HPV vaccine were (%, 95% CI): 94 (72-99), 30 (-11-56) and 95 (79-99), respectively, for HPV 16/18 and 83 (46-94), -10 (-88-33) and 84 (54-94), respectively, for HPV 31/33/45. The number of women with first intercourse before 17 years old and 3 or more sexual partners along life was higher in the post-vaccination period (p < 0.05). A positive impact of bivalent HPV vaccine was observed, both on direct and cross protection. Sexual habits could have changed in the post-vaccination period.

Vigilancia epidemiológica de la gripe (H1N1) 2009 sin red centinela / Epidemiological surveillance of influenza (H1N1) 2009 without sentinel system

Fundamento: En Galicia no existe red centinela de vigilancia epidemiológica por lo que se utilizan sistemas alternativos de vigilancia. El objetivo de este trabajo es describirlos y presentar los resultados observados durante la pandemia de gripe (H1N1) 2009. Métodos: Los sistemas utilizados fueron llamadas recibidas por gripe (H1N1) 2009 e infección respiratoria aguda en el 061, sistema de notificación de enfermedades obligatorias (SXNOE), vigilancia virológica, registros de atención primaria e ingresos hospitalarios. Los datos se analizaron con Excell. Resultados: La primera onda por virus A(H1N1)v se registró a través del 061 entre las semanas 39/2009 y 49/2009, alcanzando el pico en la 44/2009 con la mayor tasa de llamadas acumuladas en el grupo de 5-19 años. SXNOE proporcionó una onda (semanas 39/2009 a 49/2009) con pico en la 44/2009. Microbiológicamente se estudiaron con RT-PRC 6.181 muestras (31% positivas y pico en la semana 44/2009). Los registros de Atención Primaria proporcionaron una onda (semanas 39/2009 a 49/2009) con pico en la semana 44/2009 con la mayor tasa de consultas para los de 5-19 años. Entre las semanas 26/2009 y 17/2010, ingresaron 698 personas con gripe (H1N1) 2009, con mayor número de hospitalizaciones en la 44/2009. Conclusiones: Los sistemas descritos quedan avalados por la homogeneidad de los resultados, ya que dibujan la misma onda (semanas 39/2009 a 49/2009) y coinciden en el pico (semana 44/2009) donde se observa la mayor tasa de consultas entre 5-19 años. El 061 aparece como el sistema más operativo al proporcionar datos diarios(AU)

Background: The objective is to explain the Galician influenza surveillance system and to present the results observed during the pandemic flu, where due to the lack of sentinel surveillance practices, other alternatives are used. Method: Data was collected from: 061 phone calls for flu and acute respiratory illness; notifiable diseases usual reporting system (SXNOE); virological surveillance; primary care and hospital records and was analyzed with Excell. Results: The first epidemic wave for A(H1N1)v according to 061 data was between week 39/2009 and 49/2009, and it peaked in week 44/2009, with a greater rate of accumulated calls was in the 5-19 age group. SXNOE showed a wave (week 39/2009 to 49/2009) and peaked in week 44/09. Virological surveillance included 6.181 samples with PCR-RT (31% were positive and peaked in week 44/09). Primary care registers showed a wave (week 39/2009 to 49/2009) which peaked in week 44/09 with the greatest rate of con-sultations was in the 5-19 age group. Between week 26/09 and week 17/2010, 698 patients were admitted with A(H1N1)v, with the hig-hest hospitalization in week 44/09. Conclusions: The validity of the described surveillance systems is supported by the homogeneity of results, and they produced an equivalent wave (weeks 39/2009 to 49/2009) which peaked in week 44/2009 and showed the highest rate of consultations in the 5-19 age group. The 061 appears to be the most practical system to provide daily data(AU)