Post-invasion selection acts on standing genetic variation despite a severe founding bottleneck.

Invasive populations often have lower genetic diversity relative to the native-range populations from which they derive.1,2 Despite this, many biological invaders succeed in their new environments, in part due to rapid adaptation.3,4,5,6 Therefore, the role of genetic bottlenecks in constraining the adaptation of invaders is debated.7,8,9,10 Here, we use whole-genome resequencing of samples from a 10-year time-series dataset, representing the natural invasion of the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) in Australia, to investigate natural selection occurring in the aftermath of a founding event. We find that Australia's A. cerana population was founded by as few as one colony, whose arrival was followed by a period of rapid population expansion associated with an increase of rare variants.11 The bottleneck resulted in a steep loss of overall genetic diversity, yet we nevertheless detected loci with signatures of positive selection during the first years post-invasion. When we investigated the origin of alleles under selection, we found that selection acted primarily on the variation introduced by founders and not on the variants that arose post-invasion by mutation. In all, our data highlight that selection on standing genetic variation can occur in the early years post-invasion, even where founding bottlenecks are severe.

Ovitrap surveillance of dengue vector mosquitoes in Bandung City, West Java Province, Indonesia.

Larval surveillance is the central approach for monitoring dengue vector populations in Indonesia. However, traditional larval indices are ineffective for measuring mosquito population dynamics and predicting the dengue transmission risk. We conducted a 14-month ovitrap surveillance. Eggs and immature mosquitoes were collected on a weekly basis from an urban village of Bandung, namely Sekejati. Ovitrap-related indices, namely positive house index (PHI), ovitrap index (OI), and ovitrap density index (ODI), were generated and correlated with environmental variables, housing type (terraced or high-density housing), ovitrap placement location (indoor or outdoor; household or public place), and local dengue cases. Our results demonstrated that Aedes aegypti was significantly predominant compared with Aedes albopictus at each housing type and ovitrap placement location. Ovitrap placement locations and rainfall were the major factors contributing to variations in PHI, OI, and ODI, whereas the influences of housing type and temperature were subtle. Indoor site values were significantly positively correlated to outdoor sites' values for both OI and ODI. OI and ODI values from households were best predicted with those from public places at 1- and 0-week lags, respectively. Weekly rainfall values at 4- and 3-week lags were the best predictors of OI and ODI for households and public places, respectively. Monthly mean PHI, OI, and ODI were significantly associated with local dengue cases. In conclusion, ovitrap may be an effective tool for monitoring the population dynamics of Aedes mosquitoes, predicting dengue outbreaks, and serving as an early indicator to initiate environmental clean-up. Ovitrap surveillance is easy for surveyors if they are tasked with a certain number of ovitraps at a designated area, unlike the existing larval surveillance methodology, which entails identifying potential breeding sites largely at the surveyors' discretion. Ovitrap surveillance may reduce the influence of individual effort in larval surveillance that likely causes inconsistency in results.

Propolis Can Improve Caudal Fin Regeneration in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Induced by The Combined Administration of Alloxan and Glucose.

Hyperglycemia, a primary symptom in diabetes mellitus, is associated with difficulties in wound healing and regeneration. This condition is due to the length of the inflammatory phase and free radicals. Furthermore, there is evidence that molecular pathogenesis is involved in impaired wound healing in diabetics. As an animal model, zebrafish have many shared orthologous genes with human that are involved in protein regulation of wound healing and regeneration. Little is known about natural drugs that may be used to treat complications of wound healing in diabetes. Propolis, however, is known to consist of various organic compounds such as phenols and flavonoids with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This research aims to study propolis' effect on caudal fin regeneration and relative expression of several genes belonging to Hedgehog, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and Wnt signaling hyperglycemic (HG) zebrafish. GC-MS analysis and antioxidant activity testing were performed on ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP). Caudal fin regeneration was analyzed using ImageJ; blood glucose levels were measured; and relative gene expression analysis of shha, igf2a, bmp2b, and col1a2 was performed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction method with the ß-actin housekeeping gene. Impairment of caudal fin regeneration in zebrafish hyperglycemia was characterized by a low percentage of regeneration and decreased relative gene expression. EEP at 15 ppm could increase the percentage of caudal fin regeneration and the expression of shha, igf2a, bmp2b, and col1a2. Based on the results, it appears that phenols and flavonoids from the EEP can improve the caudal fin regeneration of HG zebrafish.

Spatial and temporal analysis of hospitalized dengue patients in Bandung: demographics and risk.

BACKGROUND: Bandung, the fourth largest city in Indonesia and capital of West Java province, has been considered a major endemic area of dengue, and studies show that the incidence in this city could increase and spread rapidly. At the same time, estimation of incidence could be inaccurate due to a lack of reliable surveillance systems. To provide strategic information for the dengue control program in the face of limited capacity, this study used spatial pattern analysis of a possible outbreak of dengue cases, through the Geographic Information System (GIS). To further enhance the information needed for effective policymaking, we also analyzed the demographic pattern of dengue cases. METHODS: Monthly reports of dengue cases from January 2014 to December 2016 from 16 hospitals in Bandung were collected as the database, which consisted of address, sex, age, and code to anonymize the patients. The address was then transformed into geocoding and used to estimate the relative risk of a particular area's developing a cluster of dengue cases. We used the kernel density estimation method to analyze the dynamics of change of dengue cases. RESULTS: The model showed that the spatial cluster of the relative risk of dengue incidence was relatively unchanged for 3 years. Dengue high-risk areas predominated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bandung, while low-risk areas were found mostly in its western and northeastern regions. The kernel density estimation showed strong cluster groups of dengue cases in the city. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a strong pattern of reported cases related to specific demographic groups (males and children). Furthermore, spatial analysis using GIS also visualized the dynamic development of the aggregation of disease incidence (hotspots) for dengue cases in Bandung. These data may provide strategic information for the planning and design of dengue control programs.

Production of propolis and honey from Tetragonula laeviceps cultivated in Modular Tetragonula Hives.

Propolis and honey produced by stingless bees are regarded as high economic value products due to their bioactive components, which are significantly influenced by conditions at the cultivation location. This study investigated the effect of cultivation location on the amount and quality of propolis and honey produced by Tetragonula laeviceps cultivated in Modular Tetragonula Hives. Fifteen bee colonies were cultivated for at least three months in coffee plantations at two different locations, namely Cibodas and Cileunyi Wetan, Indonesia. The propolis was harvested from the hives and then evaluated to compare product quality from each location. The average production of propolis in both locations was found to lie in the range of 4.26-4.54 g/colony/month with a flavonoid content of 11.4-14.8 mg/g qE. Meanwhile, the average production of honey in both locations after eight months of cultivation was found to lie in the range of 0.93-1.44 g/colony/month. The vitamin C content of the honey obtained from both locations was 17.2-69.5 mg/100 g with an IC50 of 1188-1341 mg/L, in terms of its ability to inhibit the free radical 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl. This study shows that cultivation of stingless bees on a coffee plantation in the studied locations has the potential to provide sustainable production of propolis and honey from T. laeviceps.

Efficiency of local Indonesia honey bees (Apis cerana L.) and stingless bee (Trigona iridipennis) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pollination.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is considered as one of major agricultural commodity of Indonesia farming. However, monthly production is unstable due to lack of pollination services. Common pollinator agent of tomatoes is bumblebees which is unsuitable for tropical climate of Indonesia and the possibility of alteration of local wild plant interaction with their pollinator. Indonesia is rich with wild bees and some of the species already domesticated for years with prospect as pollinating agent for tomatoes. This research aimed to assess the efficiency of local honey bee (Apis cerana L.) and stingless bee (Trigona iridipennis), as pollinator of tomato. During this research, total visitation rate and total numbers of pollinated flowers by honey bee and stingless bee were compared between them with bagged flowers as control. Total fruit production, average weight and size also measured in order to correlated pollination efficiency with quantity and quality of fruit produced. Result of this research showed that A. cerana has slightly higher rate of visitation (p>0.05) and significantly shorter handling time (p < 0.05) than T. iridipennis due to their larger colony demand and low reward provide by tomato flowers. However, honey bee pollinated tomato flowers more efficient pollinator than stingless bee (80.3 and 70.2% efficiency, respectively; p < 0.05) even though the average weight and size of tomatoes were similar (p>0.05). Based on the results, it is concluded that the use of Apis cerana and Trigona spp., for pollinating tomatoes in tropical climates could be an alternative to the use of non-native Apis mellifera and bumblebees (Bombus spp.). However, more researches are needed to evaluate the cost/benefit on large-scale farming and greenhouse pollination using both bees against other bee species and pollination methods.