RESUMO
In this work, we studied the conditions of deposition of a semipermeable polyphenylenediamine (PPD)-based membrane on amperometric disk platinum electrodes. Restricting an access of interfering substances to the electrode surface, the membrane prevents their impact on the sensor operation. Two methods of membrane deposition by electropolymerization were compared-at varying potential (cyclic voltammetry) and at constant potential. The cyclic voltammetry was shown to be easier in performing and providing better properties of the membrane. The dependence of PPD membrane effectiveness on the number of cyclic voltammograms and phenylenediamine concentration was analyzed. It was shown that the impact of interfering substances (ascorbic acid, dopamine, cysteine, uric acid) on sensor operation could be completely avoided using three cyclic voltammograms in 30 mM phenylenediamine. On the other hand, when working with diluted samples, i.e., at lower concentrations of electroactive substances, it is reasonable to decrease the phenylenediamine concentration to 5 mM, which would result in a higher sensitivity of transducers to hydrogen peroxide due to a thinner PPD layer. The PPD membrane was tested during continuous operation and at 8-day storage and turned out to be efficient in sensor and biosensors.
RESUMO
The conductometric sensor based on 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calix[4]arene-crown-6 was developed for the quantitative analysis of ammonium. The calixarene was immobilized on the surface of the planar interdigitated electrodes by attachment of its dialkyl sulfide groups to the surface of the gold electrodes. The intrinsic ability of the calixarene to capture ammonium was studied in the conductometric measuring mode and by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The developed sensor showed high selectivity to ammonium in the presence of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. Selective and highly sensitive detection of ammonium resulted from the complexation between the ammonium ions and a crown-ether fragment of the upper rim of the 25,27-di-(5-thio-octyloxy)calix[4]arene-crown-6 macrocycle. The developed sensor had high signal repeatability. Its sensitivity was found to be satisfactory for the forthcoming sensor application in the water-sample analysis; the linear range was 0.01-1.5 mM and limit of detection 10 µM.
RESUMO
A differential pair of planar thin-film interdigitated electrodes, deposited on a ceramic pad, was used as a conductometric transducer. The three-enzyme system (invertase, mutarotase, glucose oxidase), immobilized on the transducer surface, was used as a bioselective element. The ratio between enzymes in the membrane was found experimentally considering the highest biosensor sensitivity to substrate (sucrose) and heavy metal ions. Optimal concentration of sucrose for inhibitory analysis was 1.25 mM and incubation time in the investigated solution amounted to 10-20 min. The developed biosensor demonstrated the best sensitivity toward ions Hg(2+) and Ag(+). A principal possibility of the biosensor reactivation either by EDTA solution after inhibition with silver ions or by cysteine solution after inhibition with mercury ions was shown.
