The level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in water of River Satluj Pakistan.

The study was aimed to identify different environmental factors (selected organochlorine pesticides) affecting the river water of Satluj. River Sutlej is about 1400 kilometers long and its water is extensively used for irrigation in Punjab, located both in India and Pakistan, which was also a reason of dispute between both countries for its water share. The study area was divided into four zones, Sulemanki Zone, Islam Zone, Mailsi Syphone Zone and Panjnad Zone. Liquid Liquid Extraction (LLE) technique was used for the collected water samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) UV-Visible detector The current finding revealed that aldrin was not detected during summer period in water samples of SZ-1 (Sulemanki Barrage), SZ-2 and SZ-3 (Maisli Siphon) of the study area. Lindane and DDE were found more in the samples of sediments from the study area at SZ-4 ranging from 2.238-8.226 ppb and 4.234-6.876 ppb, respectively. Heaptachlor (in sediments) was found to be0.032-234 ppb only at SZ-4.Endosulfan concentrations in water (winter) at SZ-3 was 0.06 ppb and at SZ-4,it was 0.05 ppb; dieldrin in water (winter) at SZ-4 was 0.0314 ppb and heptachlor was detected at SZ-1 (0.0315 ppb) and SZ-2 (0.0310 ppb) in water during winter season, were reaching to the Maximum Concentrations Limits (MCL), while all other residues investigated were found below the MCLin all the compartments of the study area set by various agencies like WHO/FAO- Codex Alimenterious. Present findings revealed that although the organochlorine pesticides are banned for agricultural use in many countries, including Pakistan, their presence in various samples might be due to illegal use of these pesticides in the study area and its neighboring regions. The overall study area comprises of mainly urban, suburban and agricultural land being the largest cotton growing area of the country. There is a need to take serious steps to minimize water pollution caused by pesticides to achieve a healthy lifestyle.

Presence of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments and biota of River Satluj, Pakistan: first report / Presença de pesticidas organoclorados selecionados (OCPs) em sedimentos e biota do Rio Satluj, Paquistão: primeiro relatório

In the developed countries, the use of OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) has been banned. However, in South Asia several of them are still in use. In Pakistan and India a constant addition of OCPs into the atmosphere has been indicated by various researchers. In this study levels of selected organochlorine pesticide residues were assessed in sediment and biota collected from four (4) water reservoirs (3 Barrages & 1 Siphon) on the River Satluj Pakistan, along 231 miles (372 km) of River stretch which was further divided into 12 sampling sites. It was aimed to find out the levels of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in sediments and from selected fish species (Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio) of the River Satluj Pakistan. The Organochlorine residues (seven pesticides) present in samples of sediments and biota were investigated through multi residue method, using Gas Chromatograph (GC-ECD).In the current study, the concentration of DDT, was investigated in Wallago attu (0.786-3.987 ppb), Labeo rohita (0.779-4.355 ppb) and Cyprinus carpio (1.234-5.654 ppb). DDE was also found in Cyprinus carpio (1.244-6.322 ppb), Wallag attu (0.877-4.221 ppb) and Labeo rohita (2.112-5.897 ppb). Aldrin was not observed in Labeo rohita and Wallago attu. Currently, lindane and DDE was found predominately high in the sediments of study area at SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) ranging (2.238-8.226 ppb) and (4.234-6.876 ppb), respectively. Heaptachlor was found only at SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) from the sediments with concentration ranging (0.032-234 ppb). In short all other residues investigated were found below the MCL (maximum concentration level) in all the compartments of the study area set by various agencies like WHO/FAO- Codex Alimenterious.

Nos países desenvolvidos, o uso de OCPs (pesticidas organoclorados) foi proibido. No entanto, no sul da Ásia, vários deles ainda estão em uso. No Paquistão e na Índia, uma adição constante de OCPs na atmosfera foi indicada por vários pesquisadores. Neste estudo, os níveis de resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados selecionados foram avaliados em sedimentos e biota coletados de 4 reservatórios de água (3 barragens e 1 sifão) no rio Satluj, Paquistão, ao longo de 231 milhas (372 km) do trecho do rio, que foi posteriormente dividido em 12 locais de amostragem. O objetivo foi descobrir os níveis de resíduos de pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) em sedimentos e de espécies de peixes selecionadas (Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio) do rio Satluj, Paquistão. Os resíduos de organoclorados (7 pesticidas) presentes em amostras de sedimentos e biota foram investigados através do método multirresíduos, utilizando cromatógrafo a gás (GC-ECD). No presente estudo, a concentração de DDT foi investigada em Wallago attu (0,786-3,987 ppb ), Labeo rohita (0,779-4,355 ppb) e Cyprinus carpio (1,234-5,654 ppb). DDE também foi encontrado em Cyprinus carpio (1.244-6.322 ppb), Wallag attu (0.877-4.221 ppb) e Labeo rohita (2.112-5.897 ppb). Aldrin não foi observada em Labeo rohita e Wallago attu. Atualmente, lindano e DDE foram encontrados predominantemente altos nos sedimentos da área de estudo em SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) variando (2.238-8.226 ppb) e (4.234-6.876 ppb), respectivamente. Heaptacloro foi encontrado apenas em SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) dos sedimentos com concentração variando (0,032-234 ppb). Em suma, todos os outros resíduos investigados foram encontrados abaixo do MCL (nível de concentração máxima) em todos os compartimentos da área de estudo definidos por várias agências como a OMS / FAO-Codex Alimenterious.

The level and distribution of selected organochlorine pesticides in water of River Satluj Pakistan / Nível e distribuição de pesticidas organoclorados selecionados na água do Rio Satluj Paquistão

The study was aimed to identify different environmental factors (selected organochlorine pesticides) affecting the river water of Satluj. River Sutlej is about 1400 kilometers long and its water is extensively used for irrigation in Punjab, located both in India and Pakistan, which was also a reason of dispute between both countries for its water share. The study area was divided into four zones, Sulemanki Zone, Islam Zone, Mailsi Syphone Zone and Panjnad Zone. Liquid Liquid Extraction (LLE) technique was used for the collected water samples followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) UV-Visible detector The current finding revealed that aldrin was not detected during summer period in water samples of SZ-1 (Sulemanki Barrage), SZ-2 and SZ-3 (Maisli Siphon) of the study area. Lindane and DDE were found more in the samples of sediments from the study area at SZ-4 ranging from 2.238-8.226 ppb and 4.234-6.876 ppb, respectively. Heaptachlor (in sediments) was found to be0.032-234 ppb only at SZ-4.Endosulfan concentrations in water (winter) at SZ-3 was 0.06 ppb and at SZ-4,it was 0.05 ppb; dieldrin in water (winter) at SZ-4 was 0.0314 ppb and heptachlor was detected at SZ-1 (0.0315 ppb) and SZ-2 (0.0310 ppb) in water during winter season, were reaching to the Maximum Concentrations Limits (MCL), while all other residues investigated were found below the MCLin all the compartments of the study area set by various agencies like WHO/FAO- Codex Alimenterious. Present findings revealed that although the organochlorine pesticides are banned for agricultural use in many countries, including Pakistan, their presence in various samples might be due to illegal use of these pesticides in the study area and its neighboring regions. The overall study area comprises of mainly urban, suburban and agricultural land being the largest cotton growing area of the country. There is a need to take serious steps to minimize water pollution caused by pesticides to achieve a healthy lifestyle.

O estudo teve como objetivo identificar diferentes fatores ambientais (pesticidas organoclorados selecionados) que afetam a água do rio Satluj. O rio Sutlej tem cerca de 1.400 quilômetros de extensão e sua água é amplamente utilizada para irrigação no Punjab, localizado tanto na Índia quanto no Paquistão, o que também foi motivo de disputa entre os dois países por sua cota de água. A área de estudo foi dividida em quatro zonas, Zona Sulemanki, Zona Islam, Zona Mailsi Syphone e Zona Panjnad. A técnica de extração líquida líquida (LLE) foi usada para as amostras de água coletadas seguida de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) Detector UV-Visível, SZ-2 e SZ-3 (Sifão Maisli) da área de estudo. Lindano e DDE foram mais encontrados nas amostras de sedimentos da área de estudo na SZ-4 variando de 2.238-8.226 ppb e 4.234-6.876 ppb, respectivamente. O heptacloro (em sedimentos) foi encontrado em 0,032-234 ppb apenas em SZ-4. As concentrações de endosulfan na água (inverno) em SZ-3 foram de 0,06 ppb, e em SZ-4, de 0,05 ppb; dieldrin em água (inverno) em SZ-4 foi de 0,0314 ppb e heptacloro foi detectado em SZ-1 (0,0315 ppb) e SZ-2 (0,0310 ppb) em água durante o inverno, atingindo os Limites Máximos de Concentrações (LCM), enquanto todos os demais resíduos investigados foram encontrados abaixo do MCL em todos os compartimentos da área de estudo definidos por diversos órgãos, como OMS/FAO ­ Codex Alimenterious. Os resultados atuais revelaram que, embora os pesticidas organoclorados sejam proibidos para uso agrícola em muitos países, incluindo o Paquistão, sua presença em várias amostras pode ser devido ao uso ilegal desses pesticidas na área de estudo e regiões vizinhas. A área total de estudo compreende principalmente áreas urbanas, suburbanas e agrícolas, sendo a maior área de cultivo de algodão do país. Há uma necessidade de tomar medidas sérias para minimizar a poluição da água causada por pesticidas para alcançar um estilo de vida saudável.

Presence of selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in sediments and biota of River Satluj, Pakistan: first report.

In the developed countries, the use of OCPs (organochlorine pesticides) has been banned. However, in South Asia several of them are still in use. In Pakistan and India a constant addition of OCPs into the atmosphere has been indicated by various researchers. In this study levels of selected organochlorine pesticide residues were assessed in sediment and biota collected from four (4) water reservoirs (3 Barrages & 1 Siphon) on the River Satluj Pakistan, along 231 miles (372 km) of River stretch which was further divided into 12 sampling sites. It was aimed to find out the levels of organochlorine pesticide (OCPs) residues in sediments and from selected fish species (Labeo rohita, Wallagu attu, Cyprinus carpio) of the River Satluj Pakistan. The Organochlorine residues (seven pesticides) present in samples of sediments and biota were investigated through multi residue method, using Gas Chromatograph (GC-ECD).In the current study, the concentration of DDT, was investigated in Wallago attu (0.786-3.987 ppb), Labeo rohita (0.779-4.355 ppb) and Cyprinus carpio (1.234-5.654 ppb). DDE was also found in Cyprinus carpio (1.244-6.322 ppb), Wallag attu (0.877-4.221 ppb) and Labeo rohita (2.112-5.897 ppb). Aldrin was not observed in Labeo rohita and Wallago attu. Currently, lindane and DDE was found predominately high in the sediments of study area at SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) ranging (2.238-8.226 ppb) and (4.234-6.876 ppb), respectively. Heaptachlor was found only at SZ-4 (Panjnad Barrage) from the sediments with concentration ranging (0.032-234 ppb). In short all other residues investigated were found below the MCL (maximum concentration level) in all the compartments of the study area set by various agencies like WHO/FAO- Codex Alimenterious.