Impact of acupuncture on ischemia/reperfusion injury: Unraveling the role of miR-34c-5p and autophagy activation.

We have previously reported that the expression of miR-34c-5p was up-regulated during acupuncture treatment in the setting of a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI), indicating that miR-34c-5p plays an important role in healing from a CIRI-induced brain injury. This study sought to evaluate the effects of acupuncture on miR-34c-5p expression and autophagy in the forward and reverse directions using a rat focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. After 120 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, rats were treated with acupuncture at the "Dazhui" (DU20), "Baihui" (DU26) and "Renzhong" (DU14) points. Neurologic function deficit score, cerebral infarct area ratio, neuronal apoptosis and miR-34c-5p expression were evaluated 72 hr after treatment. The autophagy agonist RAPA and the antagonist 3MA were used to evaluate the neuro protective effects of autophagy-mediated acupuncture. We found that acupuncture treatment improved autophagy in the brain tissue of CIRI rats. Acupuncture reversed the negative effects of 3MA on CIRI, and acupuncture combined with RAPA further enhanced autophagy. We also found that acupuncture could increase miR-34c-5p expression in hippocampal neurons after ischemia/reperfusion. Acupuncture and a miR-34c agomir were able to enhance autophagy, improve neurologic deficits, and reduce the cerebral infarct area ratio and apoptosis rate by promoting the expression of miR-34c-5p. Silencing miR-34c resulted in a significantly reduced activating effect of acupuncture on autophagy and increased apoptosis, neurologic deficit symptoms, and cerebral infarct area ratio. This confirms that acupuncture can upregulate miR-34c-5p expression, which is beneficial in the treatment of CIRI.

Preparation and Decomposition of Spherical CL-20 Composites with Enhanced Laser Absorbance and Decreased Mechanical Sensitivity.

Direct initiation of secondary explosives by a semiconductor laser is highly demanded, but it is challenging to exclude the use of sensitive primers. Most laser-sensitive energetic materials are usually mechanically sensitive. In order to reduce the mechanical sensitivity (MS) of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) while improving laser absorbance in the near-infrared band, spherical CL-20 composites (SCCs) embedded with nano aluminum (Al) powder and graphene-based catalyst (GO-CHZ-Co) were prepared by a spray drying method. These SCCs have been characterized comprehensively in terms of their morphologies, particle size distribution, laser absorbance, thermal decomposition behaviors, MS, and laser ignition properties. Results show that the maximum critical impact energy of SCCs was 3.8 J, which is 2.8 J higher than that of pristine ε-CL-20. The critical friction load was increased by at most 108 N compared to pristine CL-20. The absorbance has also been significantly increased up to almost 70% in the wavelength between 400 and 1400 nm, where the peak absorption is located in the region of 800-900 nm. In addition, the initial decomposition temperature (Ti) of SCCs is lower than that of pure CL-20, especially in the presence of GO-CHZ-Co. The apparent activation energy (Ea) for the decomposition of SCCs was largely dependent on the particle size of Al. Preliminary ignition tests indicate that the SCCs can be ignited successfully by a small-power laser.

Meta-omics analysis reveals the marine arsenic cycle driven by bacteria.

Arsenic is a toxic element widely distributed in the Earth's crust and ranked as a class I human carcinogen. Microbial metabolism makes significant contributions to arsenic detoxification, migration and transformation. Nowadays, research on arsenic is primarily in areas affected by arsenic pollution associated with human health activities. However, the biogeochemical traits of arsenic in the global marine ecosystem remain to be explicated. In this study, we revealed that seawater environments were primarily governed by the process of arsenate reduction to arsenite, while arsenite methylation was predominant in marine sediments which may serve as significant sources of arsenic emission into the atmosphere. Significant disparities existed in the distribution patterns of the arsenic cycle between surface and deep seawaters at middle and low latitudes, whereas these situations tend to be similar in the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Significant variations were also observed in the taxonomic diversity and core microbial community of arsenic cycling across different marine environments. Specifically, γ-proteobacteria played a pivotal role in the arsenic cycle in the whole marine environment. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and phosphate were the crucial factors that related to these differentiations in seawater environments. Overall, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of the marine arsenic cycle.

A robust ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of 10 components in glutathione cycle.

Glutathione (GSH) is an important antioxidant that is generated and degraded via the GSH cycle. Quantification of the main components in the GSH cycle is necessary to evaluate the process of GSH. In this study, a robust ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous quantification of 10 components (GSH; γ-glutamylcysteine; cysteinyl-glycine; n-acetylcysteine; homocysteine; cysteine; cystine; methionine; glutamate; pyroglutamic acid) in GSH cycle was developed. The approach was optimized in terms of derivative, chromatographic, and spectrometric conditions as well as sample preparation. The unstable thiol groups of GSH, γ-glutamylcysteine, cysteinyl-glycine, n-acetylcysteine, cysteine, and homocysteine were derivatized by n-ethylmaleimide. The derivatized and underivatized analytes were separated on an amino column with gradient elution. The method was further validated in terms of selectivity (no interference), linearity (R2 > 0.99), precision (% relative standard deviation [RSD%] range from 0.57 to 10.33), accuracy (% relative error [RE%] range from -3.42 to 10.92), stability (RSD% < 5.68, RE% range from -2.54 to 4.40), recovery (RSD% range from 1.87 to 7.87) and matrix effect (RSD% < 5.42). The validated method was applied to compare the components in the GSH cycle between normal and oxidative stress cells, which would be helpful in clarifying the effect of oxidative stress on the GSH cycle.

The complete genome sequence of the planctomycetotal bacterium Bremerella sp. P1 with abundant genes involved in polysaccharide degradation.

Isolated from intertidal sediment of the Yellow Sea, China, Bremerella sp. P1 putatively represents a novel species within the genus Bremerella of the family Pirellulaceae in the phylum Planctomycetota. The complete genome of strain P1 comprises a single circular chromosome with a size of 6,955,728 bp and a GC content of 55.26%. The genome contains 5772 protein-coding genes, 80 tRNA and 6 rRNA genes. A total of 147 CAZymes and 128 sulfatases have been identified from the genome of strain P1, indicating that the strain has the capability to degrade a wide range of polysaccharides. Moreover, a gene cluster related to bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) formation containing genes encoding the shell proteins and related enzymes to metabolize fucose or rhamnose is also found in the genome of strain P1. The genome of strain P1 represents the second complete one in the genus Bremerella, expanding the understanding of the physiological and metabolic characteristics, interspecies diversity, and ecological functions of the genus.

Molecular insights into the catalytic mechanism of a phthalate ester hydrolase.

Phthalate esters (PAEs) are emerging hazardous and toxic chemicals that are extensively used as plasticizers or additives. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), two kinds of PAEs, have been listed as the priority pollutants by many countries. PAE hydrolases are the most effective enzymes in PAE degradation, among which family IV esterases are predominate. However, only a few PAE hydrolases have been characterized, and as far as we know, no crystal structure of any PAE hydrolases of the family IV esterases is available to date. HylD1 is a PAE hydrolase of the family IV esterases, which can degrade DMP and DEP. Here, the recombinant HylD1 was characterized. HylD1 maintained a dimer in solution, and functioned under a relatively wide pH range. The crystal structures of HylD1 and its complex with monoethyl phthalate were solved. Residues involved in substrate binding were identified. The catalytic mechanism of HylD1 mediated by the catalytic triad Ser140-Asp231-His261 was further proposed. The hylD1 gene is widely distributed in different environments, suggesting its important role in PAEs degradation. This study provides a better understanding of PAEs hydrolysis, and lays out favorable bases for the rational design of highly-efficient PAEs degradation enzymes for industrial applications in future.

Self-supported bimetallic array superstructures for high-performance coupling electrosynthesis of formate and adipate.

The coupling electrosynthesis involving CO2 upgrade conversion is of great significance for the sustainable development of the environment and energy but is challenging. Herein, we exquisitely constructed the self-supported bimetallic array superstructures from the Cu(OH)2 array architecture precursor, which can enable high-performance coupling electrosynthesis of formate and adipate at the anode and the cathode, respectively. Concretely, the faradaic efficiencies (FEs) of CO2-to-formate and cyclohexanone-to-adipate conversion simultaneously exceed 90% at both electrodes with excellent stabilities. Such high-performance coupling electrosynthesis is highly correlated with the porous nanosheet array superstructure of CuBi alloy as the cathode and the nanosheet-on-nanowire array superstructure of CuNi hydroxide as the anode. Moreover, compared to the conventional electrolysis process, the cell voltage is substantially reduced while maintaining the electrocatalytic performance for coupling electrosynthesis in the two-electrode electrolyzer with the maximal FEformate and FEadipate up to 94.2% and 93.1%, respectively. The experimental results further demonstrate that the bimetal composition modulates the local electronic structures, promoting the reactions toward the target products. Prospectively, our work proposes an instructive strategy for constructing adaptive self-supported superstructures to achieve efficient coupling electrosynthesis.

Neuroprotective effects of Gypenosides: A review on preclinical studies in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a perennial creeping herb belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family that has a long history of usage in traditional oriental medicine. Gypenosides are the primary bioactive compounds in Gynostemma pentaphyllum. Because of the medicinal value of gypenosides, functional food and supplements containing gypenosides have been promoted and consumed with popularity, especially among Asian communities. This review presented the progress made in the research of pharmacological properties of gypenosides on diseases of the nervous system and their possible mechanism of action. To date, preclinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of gypenosides in alleviating neuropsychiatric disorders like depression, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, secondary dementia, stroke, optic neuritis, etc. Pharmacological studies have discovered that gypenosides can modulate various major signaling pathways like NF-κB, Nrf2, AKT, ERK1/2, contributing to the neuroprotective properties. However, there is a dearth of clinical research on gypenosides, with current investigations on the compounds being mainly conducted in vitro and on animals. Future studies focusing on isolating and purifying novel gypenosides and investigations on exploring the potential molecular mechanism underlying their biological activities are warranted, which may serve as a foundation for further clinical trials for the betterment of human health.

Two Mn(II)-Bridged Silverton-Type [UMo12O42]8- Polyoxometalates with Catalytic Activity for the Synthesis of Pyrazoles.

Two Mn(II)-bridged Silverton-type {UMo12O42}-based polyoxomolybdates with different three-dimensional structures, Na6(H2O)12[Mn(UMo12O42)] (NaMn) and (NH4)2[K2Na6(µ4-O)2(H2O)1.2Mn(UMo12O42)]·4.6H2O (KMn), were hydrothermally synthesized and further characterized, demonstrating a feasible strategy for the assembly of Silverton-type polyoxomolybdates. Additionally, NaMn is demonstrated to be a good heterogeneous catalyst in the condensation cyclization reaction of hydrazines and 1,3-diketones, and a range of valuable pyrazoles were produced in up to 99% yield.

Enhancing antioxidant levels and mitochondrial function in porcine oocyte maturation and embryonic development through notoginsenoside R1 supplementation.

This study examines the impact of Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), a compound from Panax notoginseng, on the maturation of porcine oocytes and their embryonic development, focusing on its effects on antioxidant levels and mitochondrial function. This study demonstrates that supplementing in vitro maturation (IVM) medium with NGR1 significantly enhances several biochemical parameters. These include elevated levels of glutathione (GSH), nuclear factor erythrocyte 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and mRNA expression of catalase (CAT) and GPX. Concurrently, we observed a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and an increase in JC-1 immunofluorescence, mitochondrial distribution, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) and nuclear NRF2 mRNA levels. Additionally, there was an increase in ATP production and lipid droplets (LDs) immunofluorescence. These biochemical improvements correlate with enhanced embryonic outcomes, including a higher blastocyst rate, increased total cell count, enhanced proliferative capacity and elevated octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (Oct4) and superoxide dismutase 2 (Sod2) gene expression. Furthermore, NGR1 supplementation resulted in decreased apoptosis, reduced caspase 3 (Cas3) and BCL2-Associated X (Bax) mRNA levels and decreased glucose-regulated protein 78 kD (GRP78) immunofluorescence in porcine oocytes undergoing in vitro maturation. These findings suggest that NGR1 plays a crucial role in promoting porcine oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development by providing antioxidant levels and mitochondrial protection.

New evidence: Metformin unsuitable as routine adjuvant for breast cancer: a drug-target mendelian randomization analysis.

PURPOSE: The potential efficacy of metformin in breast cancer (BC) has been hotly discussed but never conclusive. This genetics-based study aimed to evaluate the relationships between metformin targets and BC risk. METHODS: Metformin targets from DrugBank and genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from IEU OpenGWAS and FinnGen were used to investigate the breast cancer (BC)-metformin causal link with various Mendelian Randomization (MR) methods (e.g., inverse-variance-weighting). The genetic association between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and the drug target of metformin was also analyzed as a positive control. Sensitivity and pleiotropic tests ensured reliability. RESULTS: The primary targets of metformin are PRKAB1, ETFDH and GPD1L. We found a causal association between PRKAB1 and T2D (odds ratio [OR] 0.959, P = 0.002), but no causal relationship was observed between metformin targets and overall BC risk (PRKAB1: OR 0.990, P = 0.530; ETFDH: OR 0.986, P = 0.592; GPD1L: OR 1.002, P = 0.806). A noteworthy causal relationship was observed between ETFDH and estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BC (OR 0.867, P = 0.018), and between GPD1L and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative BC (OR 0.966, P = 0.040). Other group analyses did not yield positive results. CONCLUSION: The star target of metformin, PRKAB1, does not exhibit a substantial causal association with the risk of BC. Conversely, metformin, acting as an inhibitor of ETFDH and GPD1L, may potentially elevate the likelihood of developing ER-positive BC and HER2-negative BC. Consequently, it is not advisable to employ metformin as a standard supplementary therapy for BC patients without T2D.

Preparation and Reactivity of Core-Shell Al@CL-20 Composites Embedded with Graphene-Based Complexes as Catalysts.

Incomplete combustion of Al in solid propellants can be effectively resolved by coating of an oxidizer at the microscale. In this paper, Al@CL-20 composites with polydopamine as the interfacial layer were prepared using this strategy. The structure, heat of reaction, thermal decomposition properties, and combustion performances of these composites under the effects of graphene oxide (GO) and graphene-based carbohydrazide complexes (GO-CHZ-M, M = Co2+, Ni2+) have been comprehensively investigated. The experimental results show that the heat of reaction of Al@CL-20 is 6482 J g-1, which is 561 J g-1 higher than that of the corresponding mechanical mixture. The presence of GO-CHZ-Co can further increase the heat of reaction of Al@CL-20 to 6729 J g-1 with a decreased activation energy by about 54.8%. Under the synergistic effect of interfacial control and GO-CHZ-M, the ignition delay time of Al@CL-20-Co decreases from 5.1 to 4.2 ms. Besides, the D50 of the combustion condensed products (CCPs) decreased from 5.62 to 4.33 µm, indicating the combustion efficiency of Al is greatly improved.

Learning Attention in the Frequency Domain for Flexible Real Photograph Denoising.

Recent advancements in deep learning techniques have pushed forward the frontiers of real photograph denoising. However, due to the inherent pooling operations in the spatial domain, current CNN-based denoisers are biased towards focusing on low-frequency representations, while discarding the high-frequency components. This will induce a problem for suboptimal visual quality as the image denoising tasks target completely eliminating the complex noises and recovering all fine-scale and salient information. In this work, we tackle this challenge from the frequency perspective and present a new solution pipeline, coined as frequency attention denoising network (FADNet). Our key idea is to build a learning-based frequency attention framework, where the feature correlations on a broader frequency spectrum can be fully characterized, thus enhancing the representational power of the network across multiple frequency channels. Based on this, we design a cascade of adaptive instance residual modules (AIRMs). In each AIRM, we first transform the spatial-domain features into the frequency space. Then, a learning-based frequency attention framework is devised to explore the feature inter-dependencies converted in the frequency domain. Besides this, we introduce an adaptive layer by leveraging the guidance of the estimated noise map and intermediate features to meet the challenges of model generalization in the noise discrepancy. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated on several real camera benchmark datasets, with superior denoising performance, generalization capability, and efficiency versus the state-of-the-art.

Measurement of lead, mercury, and cadmium in blood donors in Canada.

BACKGROUND: Fetal and neonatal exposure to lead is associated with irreversible adverse effects on neural development. There is no reliable threshold for lead effect, so limiting exposure is recommended. A significant correlation has been reported between post-transfusion blood lead level (BLL) in infants and lead levels in transfused RBC units. We measured levels of lead, mercury, and cadmium, in Canadian donor blood to investigate if concerning levels for neonatal transfusion exist. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole blood samples from blood donors (n = 2529) were shipped cold within 7 days of donation. All permanent blood donation clinics across Canada were sampled. Twelve of these permanent clinics and 8 mobile clinics with a greater potential for having higher lead or mercury levels were oversampled. Heavy metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Of all donations, 2.2% (lead) and 0.4% (mercury) had levels higher than the recommended thresholds for safe neonatal transfusion. BLLs were higher in males but there was no significant difference in the blood mercury levels of males versus females. Cadmium levels were higher in females. There was a positive correlation between donor age and levels of heavy metals, with lead having the strongest correlation (r = 0.47, p < .0001). Three clinics in close proximity to two lead-producing mines were among the clinics with the highest BLLs. Significantly higher blood mercury levels were observed in coastal clinics. CONCLUSION: Our data on donor blood heavy metal levels supports considering blood transfusion as an exposure source to heavy metals and encourages informed selection of blood units for transfusion to vulnerable groups.

Successful Treatment of Severe Case of Lipid Overload Syndrome with Pancreatitis and Pneumonia: A Case Report.

Background: Fat overload syndrome is a rare and severe adverse reaction triggered by the infusion of a single source of lipid emulsion, resulting in elevated blood triacylglycerol (TG) levels. The majority of literature reports focus on cases of fat overload syndrome in patients with mild symptoms. This case is significant because it demonstrates the diagnostic and therapeutic experience and provide valuable insights for the management for severe fat overload syndrome. Case Presentation: We present a case report of a female patient who developed fat overload syndrome following prolonged and excessive infusion of lipid emulsion after colon resection surgery. In the setting of compromised immune function and malnutrition, the patient's pulmonary infection and respiratory distress symptoms have further exacerbated. Hence, in addition to severe pancreatitis, the patient has also contracted severe pneumonia. Upon admission, tracheal intubation, plasma exchange and blood perfusion were performed. Subsequently, comprehensive treatment was provided, including anti-infection, antispasmodic, acid suppression, enzyme inhibition, as well as targeted supportive measures to stabilize electrolytes and nutritional status. After treatment, there was a progressive reduction in blood lipid levels. After assessing the relevant risks, it was deemed necessary to perform an emergency computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous drainage tube placement procedure targeting the necrotic area of the pancreas while the patient was still intubated. Finally, the patient was discharged from the hospital. Conclusion: The case highlights the association between fat overload syndrome and pancreatitis as well as the use of lipid emulsions and suggests the treatment strategies for severe fat overload syndrome.

Two Different Three-Dimensional Uranium-Containing Polymolybdates Based on Zn(II) for the Heterogeneous Catalytic Construction of C-N Bond.

The introduction of transition metal (TM) ions into polyoxometalates (POMs) cannot only bring about interesting structural diversities but also enable changes in properties. However, TM-containing Silverton-type polyoxomolybdates are still lacking in terms of structural diversity and application development. Herein, two Zn(II)-containing Silverton-type {UMo12O42}-based polyoxomolybdates, H1.89Na4.11(H2O)9Zn[UMo12O42]·4.5H2O (Zn-1) and H1.8Na4.2(H2O)12Zn[UMo12O42] (Zn-2) were hydrothermally synthesized, demonstrating a practical strategy to assembly of TM-containing Silverton-type POMs. Zn-1 is proven to be an excellent and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst in cross-dehydrogenation coupling of 1,4-naphthoquinones with amines reactions, and a series of 2-amino-1,4-naphthoquinones with potential medicinal value have been constructed.

Fe(III)/peroxymonosulfate oxidation system for the degradation of rhein, a toxic component abundance in rhubarb residue.

Rhubarb is widely used in health care, but causing a great amount of rhein-containing herbal residue. Rhein with several toxicities might pollute environment, damage ecology and even hazard human health if left untreated. In this study, the degradation effects of bisulfite- (BS) and peroxymonosulfate- (PMS) based oxidation systems on rhein in rhubarb residue were compared and investigated. The effects of BS and PMS with two valence states of ferric ion (Fe) on the degradation of rhein in rhubarb residue were optimized for the selection of optimal oxidation system. The influences of reaction temperature, reaction time and initial pH on the removal of rhein under the optimal oxidation system were evaluated. The chemical profiles of rhubarb residue with and without oxidation process were compared by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS, and the degradation effects were investigated by PLS-DA and S plot/OPLS-DA analysis. The results manifested that PMS showed relative higher efficiency than BS on the degradation of rhein. Moreover, Fe(III) promoted the degradation effect of PMS, demonstrated that Fe(III)/PMS is the optimal oxidation system to degrade rhein in rhubarb residue. Further studies indicated that the degradation of rhein by the Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system was accelerated with the prolong of reaction time and the elevation of reaction temperature, and also affected by the initial pH. More importantly, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system could degrade rhein in rhubarb residue completely under the optimal conditions. In conclusion, Fe(III)/PMS oxidation system is a feasible method to treat rhein in rhubarb residue.

Hierarchically Ordered Pore Engineering of Metal-Organic Framework-Based Materials for Electrocatalysis.

Ordered pore engineering that embeds uniform pores with periodic alignment in electrocatalysts opens up a new avenue for achieving further performance promotion. Hierarchically ordered porous metal-organic frameworks (HOP-MOFs) possessing multilevel pores with ordered distribution are the promising precursors for the exploration of ordered porous electrocatalysts, while the scalable acquisition of HOP-MOFs with editable components and adjustable pore size regimes is critical. This review presents recent progress on hierarchically ordered pore engineering of MOF-based materials for enhanced electrocatalysis. The synthetic strategies of HOP-MOFs with different pore size regimes, including the self-assembly guided by reticular chemistry, surfactant, nanoemulsion, and nanocasting, are first introduced. Then the applications of HOP-MOFs as the precursors for exploring hierarchically ordered porous electrocatalysts are summarized, selecting representatives to highlight the boosted performance. Especially, the intensification of molecule and ion transport integrated with optimized electron transfer and site exposure over the hierarchically ordered porous derivatives are emphasized to clarify the directional transfer and integration effect endowed by ordered pore engineering. Finally, the remaining scientific challenges and an outlook of this field are proposed. It is hoped that this review will guide the hierarchically ordered pore engineering of nanocatalysts for boosting the catalytic performance and promoting the practical applications.

STING inhibition suppresses microglia-mediated synapses engulfment and alleviates motor functional deficits after stroke.

Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Ischemia leads to progressive neuronal death and synapse loss. The engulfment of stressed synapses by microglia further contributes to the disruption of the surviving neuronal network and related brain function. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective target for suppressing the microglia-mediated synapse engulfment. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important participant in innate immune response. In the brain, microglia are the primary cell type that mediate immune response after brain insult. The intimate relationship between STING and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been gradually established. However, whether STING affects other functions of microglia remains elusive. In this study, we found that STING regulated microglial phagocytosis of synapses after photothrombotic stroke. The treatment of STING inhibitor H151 significantly improved the behavioral performance of injured mice in grid-walking test, cylinder test, and adhesive removal test after stroke. Moreover, the puncta number of engulfed SYP or PSD95 in microglia was reduced after consecutive H151 administration. Further analysis showed that the mRNA levels of several complement components and phagocytotic receptors were decreased after STING inhibition. Transcriptional factor STAT1 is known for regulating most of the decreased molecules. After STING inhibition, the nucleus translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was also suppressed in microglia. Our data uncovered the novel regulatory effects of STING in microglial phagocytosis after stroke, and further emphasized STING as a potential drug-able target for post-stroke functional recovery.