RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is an immune-mediated syndrome caused by allergen inhalation. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of HP may show diffuse ground-glass opacity, centrilobular ground-glass nodules, areas of air-trapping, thin-walled cysts, or fibrotic changes. CASE SUMMARY: A 47-year-old male patient went to the hospital complaining of cough and gradual aggravation of shortness of breath. HRCT of the lung showed that multiple nodules and ground-glass high-density shadows were present in both lungs. In addition, circular high-density shadows of various sizes were widely distributed in both lungs with relatively normal lung markings inside them. But other tests did not have a positive finding that can clarify the cause. Therefore, the patient underwent a lung biopsy. The pathological results showed that the lesions tended to be HP. After 4 mo of follow-up, the lesions in the patient's lungs were absorbed spontaneously, and the symptoms of cough and shortness of breath have disappeared. The review results suggested that the patient's disease was self-healing, which was consistent with the characteristics of HP. CONCLUSION: For some patients with HP, abnormal HRCT findings, such as the lesions in the lungs, can be absorbed on their own, which is an important clue in the diagnosis of the disease. Early diagnosis by lung biopsy is necessary when antigen exposure is unknown.
RESUMO
CONTEXT: Naringin is a natural flavanone glycoside that is found in the Chinese herbal medicines and citrus fruits. Studies have demonstrated that naringin possesses numerous biological and pharmacological properties, but few reviews of these studies have been performed. OBJECTIVE: The present review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature describing the extraction of naringin, its pharmacology and its controlled release formulations. Current research progress and the therapeutic potential of naringin are also discussed. METHODS: A literature survey for relevant information regarding the biological and pharmacological properties of naringin was conducted using Pubmed, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE, Springerlink and Google Scholar electronic databases from the year 2007-2015. RESULTS: Naringin modulates signalling pathways and interacts with signalling molecules and thus has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities, as well as effects on bone regeneration, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, genetic damage and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Information was gathered that showed the extraction of naringin can be improved using several modifications. There has been some progress in the development of controlled release formulations of naringin. CONCLUSION: Naringin is a promising candidate for further in vivo studies and clinical use. More detailed studies regarding its mechanism of action are required.
