Waste tire valorization: Advanced technologies, process simulation, system optimization, and sustainability.

The production of waste tires is steadily increasing, leading to challenges like slow degradation, severe environmental pollution, and significant land use. To address these issues, waste tire valorization has emerged as a crucial aspect of global environmental protection and sustainable development, garnering widespread attention and promotion. Innovative technologies are being leveraged to convert waste tires into valuable products and energy, promoting resource recycling and mitigating environmental harm. While existing literature has highlighted key technologies in the waste tire valorization process, this study aims to comprehensively review the current advancements in waste tire valorization from various angles, including processes, optimization, and evaluation, to support its sustainable development. Firstly, it outlines advanced technologies in the waste tire valorization process for producing value-added products, such as grinding, pyrolysis, and critical devulcanization stages. Secondly, it summarizes simulation and optimization techniques applied in waste tire valorization. Lastly, it discusses the application of sustainable assessment methods like techno-economic assessment, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in waste tire valorization, proposing the establishment of a unified assessment system. The review findings suggest that (1) developing a super-structural waste tire valorization framework offers a promising path for technological enhancement and low-carbon sustainable transformation. (2) Integrating mechanism and data-driven method in simulation modeling enhances result accuracy and interpretability. (3) Creating a multi-objective optimization model to optimize waste tire valorization from economic, technological, social, and environmental perspectives can drive efficient and low-carbon development. (4) Establishing a unified sustainability assessment system will standardize the evaluation of waste tire valorization's sustainability.

Protocol for the design and accelerated optimization of a waste-to-energy system using AI tools.

Amid a surge in waste volume, the need to achieve sustainable waste treatment has become increasingly important. Here, we present a protocol for the design and accelerated optimization of a waste-to-energy system using artificial intelligence tools. We describe steps for waste treatment process advancement as demonstrated by the medical waste-to-methanol conversion and implementing data-driven process optimization. We then detail procedures for streamlining tasks by establishing connectivity between systems such as Aspen Plus and MATLAB. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shi et al. (2022)1 and Fang et al. (2022).2.

Cancer vaccine: learning lessons from immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Cancer vaccines have been exclusively studied all through the past decades, and have made exceptional achievements in cancer treatment. Few cancer vaccines have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for instance, Provenge, which was approved for the treatment of prostate carcinoma in 2012. Moreover, more recently, T-VEC got approval for the treatment of melanoma. While, the overall therapeutic effects of cancer vaccines have been taken into consideration as below expectations, low antigenicity of targeting antigen and tumor heterogeneity are the two key limiting barriers encountered by the cancer vaccines. Nonetheless, recent developments in cancer immune-therapies together with associated technologies, for instance the unparalleled achievements bagged by immune checkpoint inhibitor based therapies and neo-antigen identification tools, envisage potential improvements in cancer vaccines in respect to the treatments of malignancies. This review brings forth measures for the purpose of refining therapeutic cancer vaccines by learning lessons from the success of PD-1 inhibitor based immune-therapies.