Polyphenols from Foxtail Millet Improve Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Regulating Intestinal Microbiome in Mice.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic hepatic manifestation of metabolic dysfunction for which effective interventions are lacking. The burden of NAFLD is increasing at an alarming rate. NAFLD is frequently associated with morbidities such as dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, etc. The current study explored the potential role of bound polyphenols from foxtail millet (BPIS) in treating mice with NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). The results indicated the critical role of BPIS in treating NAFLD by effectively restoring the gut microbiota in C57BL/6 mice that received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. At the same time, 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated that BPIS remodeled the overall structure of the gut microbiota from fatty liver diseases towards that of normal counterparts, including ten phylum and twenty genus levels. Further study found that the expression of tight junction proteins was upregulated in the BPIS-treated group. This study provides new insights into the potential NAFLD protective effects induced by polyphenols of foxtail millet.

Expression and Purification of Recombinant Bowman-Birk Trypsin Inhibitor from Foxtail Millet Bran and Its Anticolorectal Cancer Effect In Vitro and In Vivo.

Trypsin inhibitors derived from plants have various pharmacological activities and promising clinical applications. In our previous study, a Bowman-Birk-type major trypsin inhibitor from foxtail millet bran (FMB-BBTI) was extracted with antiatherosclerotic activity. Currently, we found that FMB-BBTI possesses a prominent anticolorectal cancer (anti-CRC) activity. Further, a recombinant FMB-BBTI (rFMB-BBTI) was successfully expressed in a soluble manner in host strain Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3) was induced by isopropyl-ß-d-thiogalactoside (0.1 mM) at 37 °C for 3.5 h by the pET28a vector system. Fortunately, a purity greater than 93% of rFMB-BBTI with anti-CRC activity was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. Subsequently, we found that rFMB-BBTI displays a strikingly anti-CRC effect, characterized by the inhibition of cell proliferation and clone formation ability, cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and induction of cell apoptosis. It is interesting that the rFMB-BBTI treatment had no obvious effect on normal colorectal cells in the same concentration range. Importantly, the anti-CRC activity of rFMB-BBTI was further confirmed in the xenografted nude mice model. Taken together, our study highlights the anti-CRC activity of rFMB-BBTI in vitro and in vivo, uncovering the clinical potential of rFMB-BBTI as a targeted agent for CRC in the future.

Identification of a Novel Strain Lactobacillus Reuteri and Anti-Obesity Effect through Metabolite Indole-3-Carboxaldehyde in Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

The potentially beneficial effects of probiotics in the treatment of obesity have been generally demonstrated. In the present study, a new strain of Lactobacillus reuteri SY523 (L. reuteri SY523) with an anti-obesity effect was isolated from the fecal microbiota of diet-induced obese mice. Untargeted metabolomics analysis of mice serum showed that the significantly differential metabolite indole-3-carboxaldehyde (3-IAId) was markedly elevated in the L. reuteri SY523-treated group, and interestingly, the abundance of 3-IAId was significantly negatively associated with obesity-related indicators. As expected, in the HepG2 cell induced by free fatty acids, the potential activity of 3-IAId in restraining lipid deposition was verified. Further, we found that 3-IAId was involved in the anti-obesity effect of L. reuteri SY523 mainly via regulating the cGMP/cAMP signaling pathway. The highlight of this study lies in clarifying the pivotal role of metabolite 3-IAId in the anti-obesity effect induced by L. reuteri SY523, which is conducive to the development of probiotics for anti-obesity agents.

Millet Bran Protein Hydrolysate Displays the Anti-non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Effect via Activating Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ to Restrain Fatty Acid Uptake.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health problem worldwide. Impeding fatty acid uptake may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for NAFLD. In the current study, we found that millet bran protein hydrolysate (MBPH) prepared by in vitro gastrointestinal bionic digestion exhibits the potential of anti-NAFLD in vitro and in vivo, characterized by the alleviation of hepatic steatosis and the reduction of lipid accumulation. Further, MBPH significantly decreased the expression levels of fatty acid uptake related genes (FABP1, FABP2, FABP4, CD36, and CPT-1α) of liver tissue in a NAFLD mice model through activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and efficiently restrained the fatty acid uptake of liver tissue, thus exerting anti-NAFLD activity. As expected, the anti-NAFLD effect induced by MBPH, characterized by the alleviation of hepatic vacuolar degeneration, hepatic steatosis, and fibrosis, was effectively abrogated with PPARγ inhibitor (GW9662) treatment. These results indicate that the retardant of fatty acid uptake induced by PPARγ activation may be the critical factor for the anti-NAFLD effect of MBPH. Collectively, MBPH has the potential as a next-generation dietary supplementation for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Nuclease Triggered "Signal-On" and Amplified Fluorescent Sensing of Fumonisin B1 Incorporating Graphene Oxide and Specific Aptamer.

Remarkable advancements have been achieved in the development of rapid analytic techniques toward fumonisin B1 (FB1) monitoring and even trace levels for food safety in recent years. However, the point-of-care testing for quantitative and accurate FB1 determination is still challenging. Herein, an innovative aptasensor was established to monitor FB1 by utilizing graphene oxide (GO) and nuclease-triggered signal enhancement. GO can be utilized as a fluorescence quenching agent toward a fluorophore-modified aptamer, and even as a protectant of the aptamer from nuclease cleavage for subsequent target cycling and signal amplification detection. This proposed sensing strategy exhibited a good linearity for FB1 determination in the dynamic range from 0.5 to 20 ng mL-1 with a good correlation of R2 = 0.995. Its limit of detection was established at 0.15 ng mL-1 (S/N = 3), which was significantly lower than the legal requirements by three orders of magnitude. The interferent study demonstrated that the introduced aptasensor possessed high selectivity for FB1. Moreover, the aptasensor was successfully applied to the detection of wheat flour samples, and the results were consistent with the classical ELISA method. The rapid response, sensitive and selective analysis, and reliable results of this sensing platform offer a promising opportunity for food mycotoxin control in point-of-care testing.

Bowman-Birk Major Type Trypsin Inhibitor Derived from Foxtail Millet Bran Attenuate Atherosclerosis via Remodeling Gut Microbiota in ApoE-/- Mice.

Foxtail millet proteins and their hydrolysates have the potential to prevent atherosclerosis (AS). In our present study, a novel Bowman-Birk type major trypsin inhibitor from foxtail millet bran (FMB-BBTI) with an anti-AS effect was obtained by in vitro gastrointestinal bionic digestion. Further, the anti-AS activity of FMB-BBTI was verified by the classic apoE-/- mice model, characterized by the decreases of the inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1ß) and atherosclerotic plaque. Importantly, FMB-BBTI remodeled the structure of gut microbiota in apoE-/- mice, including the increase of Firmicutes at the phylum level, and the abundance alteration of five genera at the genus level, especially significant enrichment of Lactobacillus. Collectively, FMB-BBTI markedly restrains the AS progress, suggesting that the remodeling of gut microbiota induced by FMB-BBTI may be the critical factor for its anti-AS activity. This study indicates that FMB-BBTI may serve as a vital functional component contributing to the anti-AS potential of foxtail millet bran.

Gut Microbiota and Their Role in Health and Metabolic Disease of Dairy Cow.

Ruminants are mostly herbivorous animals that employ rumen fermentation for the digestion of feed materials, including dairy cows. Ruminants consume plant fibre as their regular diet, but lack the machinery for their digestion. For this reason, ruminants maintain a symbiotic relation with microorganisms that are capable of producing enzymes to degrade plant polymers. Various species of microflora including bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archaea, and bacteriophages are hosted at distinct concentrations for accomplishing complete digestion. The ingested feed is digested at a defined stratum. The polysaccharic plant fibrils are degraded by cellulolytic bacteria, and the substrate formed is acted upon by other bacteria. This sequential degradative mechanism forms the base of complete digestion as well as harvesting energy from the ingested feed. The composition of microbiota readily gets tuned to the changes in the feed habits of the dairy cow. The overall energy production as well as digestion is decided by the intactness of the resident communal flora. Disturbances in the homogeneity gastrointestinal microflora has severe effects on the digestive system and various other organs. This disharmony in communal relationship also causes various metabolic disorders. The dominance of methanogens sometimes lead to bloating, and high sugar feed culminates in ruminal acidosis. Likewise, disruptive microfloral constitution also ignites reticuloperitonitis, ulcers, diarrhoea, etc. The role of symbiotic microflora in the occurrence and progress of a few important metabolic diseases are discussed in this review. Future studies in multiomics provides platform to determine the physiological and phenotypical upgradation of dairy cow for milk production.

Roles of Dietary Bioactive Peptides in Redox Balance and Metabolic Disorders.

Bioactive peptides (BPs) are fragments of 2-15 amino acid residues with biological properties. Dietary BPs derived from milk, egg, fish, soybean, corn, rice, quinoa, wheat, oat, potato, common bean, spirulina, and mussel are reported to possess beneficial effects on redox balance and metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)). Peptide length, sequence, and composition significantly affected the bioactive properties of dietary BPs. Numerous studies have demonstrated that various dietary protein-derived BPs exhibited biological activities through the modulation of various molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, including Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element in oxidative stress; peroxisome proliferator-activated-γ, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 in obesity; insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B and AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetes; angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in hypertension; and mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappa B in IBD. This review focuses on the action of molecular mechanisms of dietary BPs and provides novel insights in the maintenance of redox balance and metabolic diseases of human.

Aptamer-Based Fluorescence Quenching Approach for Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk.

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), one of the most toxic mycotoxins, is a feed and food contaminant of global concern. In this study, we developed a fast and simple method for detection of AFM1 based on a structure-switching signaling aptamer. This aptasensor is based on the change in fluorescence signal due to formation of an AFM1/aptamer complex. To generate the aptasensor, the specific aptamer was modified with FAM (carboxyfluorescein), and their complementary DNAs (cDNA) were modified with a carboxytetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA) quenching group. In the absence of AFM1, the aptamers were hybridized with cDNA, resulting in quenching of the aptamer fluorescence due to the proximity of the aptamer's fluorophore to the quenching group on the cDNA. On the other hand, in the presence of AFM1, a structural switch in the aptamer was induced by formation of an AFM1/aptamer complex. Changes in the structure of the aptamer led to the release of the cDNA, causing the generation of a fluorescence signal. Thus, AFM1 concentrations could be quantitatively monitored based on the changes in fluorescences. Under optimized conditions, this assay exhibited a linear response to AFM1 in the range of 1-100 ng/mL and a limit of detection of 0.5 ng/mL was calculated. This proposed aptasensor was applied to milk samples spiked with a dilution series of AFM1, yielding satisfactory recoveries from 93.4 to 101.3%. These results demonstrated that this detection technique could be useful for high-throughput and quantitative determination of mycotoxin levels in milk and dairy products.

The Potential of Food Protein-Derived Bioactive Peptides against Chronic Intestinal Inflammation.

Inflammation can cause various chronic diseases like inflammatory bowel diseases. Various food protein-derived bioactive peptides (BAPs) with anti-inflammatory activity have the potential to manage these diseases. The aim of this paper is to overview the mechanisms and the molecular targets of BAPs to exert anti-inflammatory activity. In this review, the in vitro and in vivo effects of BAPs on intestinal inflammation are highlighted. The mechanism, pathways, and future perspectives of BAPs as the potential sources of therapeutic treatments to alleviate intestinal inflammation are provided, including nuclear factor-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription, and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), finding that PepT1 and gut microbiota are the promising targets for BAPs to alleviate the intestinal inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary BAPs in attenuating inflammation and gives a novel direction in nutraceuticals for people or animals with intestinal inflammation.

A Novel Graphene Oxide-Based Aptasensor for Amplified Fluorescent Detection of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk Powder.

In this paper, a rapid and sensitive fluorescent aptasensor for the detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk powder was developed. Graphene oxide (GO) was employed to quench the fluorescence of a carboxyfluorescein-labelled aptamer and protect the aptamer from nuclease cleavage. Upon the addition of AFM1, the formation of an AFM1/aptamer complex resulted in the aptamer detaching from the surface of GO, followed by the aptamer cleavage by DNase I and the release of the target AFM1 for a new cycle, which led to great signal amplification and high sensitivity. Under optimized conditions, the GO-based detection of the aptasensor exhibited a linear response to AFM1 levels in a dynamic range from 0.2 to 10 µg/kg, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 µg/kg. Moreover, the developed aptasensor showed a high specificity towards AFM1 without interference from other mycotoxins. In addition, the technique was successfully applied for the detection of AFM1 in infant milk powder samples. The aptasensor proposed here offers a promising technology for food safety monitoring and can be extended to various targets.

Management of type II unruptured cesarean scar pregnancy: Comparison of gestational mass excision and uterine artery embolization combined with methotrexate.

OBJECTIVE: This research was carried out to investigate the effectiveness, rationality, and safety of laparotomy management compared with uterine artery embolization (UAE) combined with methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of deep implantation cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP II). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 29 patients seen between June 2008 and February 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into the surgery group and the UAE combined with MTX group according to the treatment they received. We compared the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: The patients' clinical characteristics did not differ between the surgery group and the UAE combined with MTX group. However, the mean blood loss was decreased in the surgery group compared with the UAE combined with MTX group (90 ± 4.5 mL vs. 286 ± 5.2 mL, p < 0.05). No patients required blood transfusion in the surgery group, whereas two patients in the UAE combined with MTX group received blood transfusions. The length of time for the serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (ß-HCG) level to normalize, the time required for the disappearance of the gestational mass, and the duration of hospital stay were significantly less in the surgery group than in the UAE combined with MTX group (13.7 ± 1.0 days vs. 40.7 ± 1.7 days, 7.1 ± 1.3 days vs. 135.4 ± 6.7 days, and 11.0 ± 1.2 days vs. 41.4 ± 3.2 days, respectively; p < 0.01). Although the treatment success rate did not differ significantly between the two groups, the success rate was 100% for the surgery group and 73% for the UAE combined with MTX group. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment can remove gestational masses and allow wound repair. Moreover, laparotomy is available in almost all hospitals. Thus, surgery can be an effective and reasonable treatment for CSP II.

Regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by homeobox gene DLX4 in JEG-3 trophoblast cells: a role in preeclampsia.

The pathogenesis of preeclampsia is unclear but is thought to be related to shallow trophoblast invasion. An invasive phenotype is acquired by trophoblasts through the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We proposed that EMT in trophoblasts is deregulated in preeclampsia. The homeobox gene DLX4 plays an important role in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during embryonic and placental development. To elucidate the role of DLX4 in trophoblast EMT and preeclampsia, we investigated the expression of DLX4 in preeclampsia-affected placentas and the effect of DLX4 on EMT in trophoblast-derived JEG-3 cells. DLX4 expression was downregulated in preeclampsia-affected placentas and hypoxic JEG-3 cells. Knockdown of DLX4 by RNA interference (RNAi) inhibited the motility and invasion ability of JEG-3 cells, decreased the expression of E-cadherin, and upregulated the expression of the E-cadherin repressor Snail. Our findings suggest that decreased expression of DLX4 leads to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia by inhibiting EMT in trophoblasts and provides new insight into the pathophysiological mechanism of preeclampsia.