Brusatol has therapeutic efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer by targeting Skp1 to inhibit cancer growth and metastasis.

Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin E3 ligases play important roles in cancer development and serve as a promising therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Brusatol (Bru), a known Nrf2 inhibitor, holds promise for treating a wide range of tumors; however, the direct targets of Bru and its anticancer mode of action remain unclear. In our study, 793 Bru-binding candidate proteins were identified by using a biotin-brusatol conjugate (Bio-Bru) followed by streptavidin-affinity pull down-based mass spectrometry. We found that Bru can directly bind to Skp1 and disrupt the interactions of Skp1 with the F-box protein Skp2, leading to the inhibition of the Skp2-SCF E3 ligase. Bru inhibited both proliferation and migration via promoting the accumulation of the substrates p27 and E-cadherin; Skp1 overexpression attenuated while Skp1 knockdown enhanced these effects of Bru in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Moreover, Bru binding to Skp1 also inhibited the ß-TRCP-SCF E3 ligase. In both subcutaneous and orthotopic NSCLC xenografts, Bru significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of NSCLC through targeting SCF complex and upregulating p27 and E-cadherin protein levels. These data demonstrate that Bru is a Skp1-targeting agent that may have therapeutic potentials in lung cancer.

Gentiopicroside Produces Endothelium-Independent Vasodilation by Deactivating the PI3K/Akt/Rho-Kinase Pathway in Isolated Rat Thoracic Aorta.

Gentiopicroside (GPS), a main active secoiridoid glucoside derived from the roots of perennial herbs in the Gentianaceae family, has antispasmodic and relaxant effects. However, the vasorelaxant effects of GPS on aortic rings and the molecular mechanisms involved in these effects are not yet clear. Therefore, we investigated whether GPS inhibits phenylephrine- (PE-) or KCl-induced contractions in isolated rat thoracic aortic rings. The present study found that GPS produced a dose-dependent relaxation in aortic rings precontracted with PE or KCl and significantly reduced CaCl2-, narciclasine- (Rho-kinase activator-), and phorbol-12,13-diacetate- (PKC activator-) induced vasocontractions. Pretreatment with NG-Nitroarginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, NOS inhibitor), methylene blue (sGC inhibitor), indomethacin (COX inhibitor), 4-aminopyridine (KV channel inhibitor), and glibenclamide (KATP channel inhibitor) had no influence on the vasorelaxant effect of GPS, while BaCl2 (Kir channel inhibitor), tetraethylammonium chloride (KCa channel inhibitor), ruthenium red (RYR inhibitor), and heparin (IP3R inhibitor) significantly reduced GPS-induced vasorelaxation. Moreover, GPS pretreatment remarkably inhibited the influx of Ca2+ in vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated using KCl or PE-containing CaCl2 solution. Western blot analysis confirmed that GPS treatment inhibited PE-induced increases in the protein levels of p-Akt, p-myosin light chain (MLC), and p-myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase 1 (MYPT1) in the aortic rings. Additionally, the vasorelaxation activity of GPS was attenuated upon pretreatment with LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor), Y27632 (Rho-kinase inhibitor), and verapamil (L-type Ca2+ channel inhibitor). These findings demonstrate that GPS exhibits endothelium-independent vasorelaxant effects through inhibition of voltage-dependent, receptor-operated, and inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3R)/ryanodine receptor- (RYR-) mediated Ca2+ channels as well as the PI3K/Akt/Rho-kinase signaling pathway.

Identification of α-Amyrin 28-Carboxylase and Glycosyltransferase From Ilex asprella and Production of Ursolic Acid 28-O-ß-D-Glucopyranoside in Engineered Yeast.

Ilex asprella is a medicinal plant that is used extensively in southern China. The plant contains ursane-type triterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins which are known to be responsible for its pharmacological activities. Previously, a transcriptomic analysis of I. asprella was carried out and the gene IaAS1, which is important in the formation of the core structure α-amyrin, was identified. However, the genes related to the subsequent derivatization of the core structures of the triterpenoid remain largely unknown. Herein, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of an amyrin 28-carboxylase IaAO1 (designated as IaCYP716A210) and a glycosyltransferase IaAU1 (designated as UGT74AG5), based on transcriptomic data. The expression of IaAO1 in an α-amyrin producing yeast strain led to the accumulation of ursolic acid. An enzyme assay using recombinant protein IaAU1 purified from E. coli revealed that IaAU1 can catalyze the conversion of ursolic acid to ursolic acid 28-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside. IaAU1 has regiospecificity for catalyzing the 28-O-glucosylation of ursane-/oleanane-type triterpene acids, as it can also catalyze the conversion of oleanolic acid, hederagenin, and ilexgenin A to their corresponding glycosyl compounds. Moreover, co-expression of IaAO1 and IaAU1 in the α-amyrin-producing yeast strain led to the production of ursolic acid 28-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside, although in relatively low amounts. Our study reveals that IaAO1 and IaAU1 might play a role in the biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins in I. asprella and provides insights into the potential application of metabolic engineering to produce ursane-type triterpene glycosides.

Asymmetric Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reaction of ß,γ-Unsaturated Amides through Dienolate Catalysis.

Reported herein is an inverse-electron-demand oxa-Diels-Alder reaction that is remotely ß,γ-regioselective with ß,γ-unsaturated amides and ß,γ-unsaturated-α-ketoesters using a bifunctional catalyst. It can provide different kinds of dihydropyrans bearing three subsequent chiral carbon centers in good to high yield (61-99%) and with complete enantioselectivity (99 to >99% ee). Furthermore, a larger-scale experiment confirmed the reliability of the current reaction, and further effective transformation of the product has been realized.

Enantioselective Synthesis of Benzofuran-Fused N-Heterocycles via Chiral Squaramide Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cyclization of Azadienes with Azlactones.

An asymmetric cyclization reaction of azadienes and azlactones was investigated by employing a Cinchona squaramide catalyst, which could afford a series of benzofuran-fused six-membered heterocycles containing a α,α-disubstituted amino acid unit in a highly diastereoselective (>20:1 dr) and enantioselective (up to 99% ee) manner with good to excellent yields (up to 92%). A plausible pathway was proposed to explain the reaction process.

Profiling and Pharmacokinetic Studies of Alkaloids in Rats After Oral Administration of Zanthoxylum nitidum Decoction by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and HPLC-MS/MS.

Zanthoxylum nitidum (Roxb.) DC (Rutaceae), called as "liangmianzhen" in China, is well known for its anti-inflammation and analgesic effect. Alkaloids are its main active constituents. However, little has been known about the absorption of main alkaloids in vivo. In this study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for identification of absorbed alkaloids in rats after oral administration of Z. nitidum decoction. By analyzing the fragmentation patterns, a total of nineteen alkaloids were exactly or tentatively identified in rat plasma after treatment, of which magnoflorine, α-allocryptopine, and skimmianine are dominant. Moreover, a high performance liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous quantification of magnoflorine, α-allocryptopine, and skimmianine, and successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study in rats after oral administration of Z. nitidum decoction. The research would contribute to comprehensive understanding of the material basis and function mechanism of Z. nitidum decoction.

Vibration Mitigation Effect Investigation of a New Slab Track Plate Design.

This study proposed a novel vibration mitigation slab track plate design to mitigate the vibration induced in urban rail transit operations. The optimal recipe for the newly designed slab track plate is obtained by a series of laboratory tests, and both newly designed vibration mitigation slab track plates and normal slab track plates are fabricated and hereinafter tested. The newly designed slab track plate was examined with a series of laboratory tests in comparison with the normal slab track plate. The PolyMAX method is then adopted for extracting the modal properties, including resonant frequencies, and damping ratios are also determined for both the designed slab and normal slab track plates. A vibration mitigation level (Ls) is defined to address the vibration mitigation performance taking the acceleration response of the normal slab track plate as reference. The newly designed slab track plate demonstrated better dynamic and damping characteristics in comparison with the normal slab track plate. Under the same excitation force, the newly designed slab track plate can mitigate 8.9 dB on average in the frequency range [20, 400] Hz, expressing the feasibility of effective vibration mitigation capacity.