Efficacy of long-term orthokeratology treatment in children with anisometropic myopia.

AIM: To explore the efficacy of the orthokeratology lens for anisometropic myopia progression. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed. Cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) were collected from 50 children (10.52±1.72y) who visited Peking University Third Hospital from July 2015 to August 2020. These children's one eyes (Group A) received monocular orthokeratology lenses at first, after different durations (12.20±6.94mo), their contralateral eyes (Group B) developed myopia and receive orthokeratology as well. The data in 1-year of binocular period were recorded. AL growth rate (difference of follow-up and baseline per month) were compared between two groups by paired t test. Interocular differences of AL were compared by Wilcoxon test. RESULTS: During monocular period, the AL growth rate of the Group A (0.008±0.022 mm/mo) was significantly slower than that of the Group B (0.038±0.018 mm/mo; P<0.0001). However, during binocular period, the AL growth rate of the Group A (0.026±0.014 mm/mo) was significantly faster than that of the Group B (0.016±0.015 mm/mo; P<0.0001). The AL difference between both eyes was 0.6 (0.46) mm, then significantly decreased to 0.22 (0.39) mm when started binocular treatment (P<0.0001). However, it was significantly increased to 0.30 (0.32) mm after a year (P<0.0001), but still significantly lower than baseline (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: The orthokeratology lens is efficient for control the AL elongation of monocular myopia eyes and reduce anisometropia. For the condition that the contralateral eyes develop myopia and receive orthokeratology lens later, there is no efficiency observed on control interocular difference of AL during binocular treatment.

Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of therapeutic bandage contact lenses on post-cataract surgery patients.

AIM: To evaluate the safety of therapeutic bandage contact lens for post-cataract surgery patients and to illustrate its efficacy on post-operative comfort and tear-film stability. METHODS: A total of 40 participants were recruited and randomly divided into two groups. Group one was instructed to wear bandage contact lenses for a week and use antibiotic eye drops for a month since the first day after surgery. Group two received sub-conjunctival injection of tobramycin and was asked to wear eye pads on the first day after surgery and then were instructed to use antibiotic eye drops as the first group did. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire, slit-lamp microscope examination of tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein score (CFS), tear meniscus height (TMH) together with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and corneal topography were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS: The subjective feeling (P=0.004), TBUT (P<0.001) and TMH (P=0.02) post-surgery had improved in patients who used bandage contact lenses compared with those who did not at 1wk post-surgery. Until three month postoperatively, the comfort degree (P=0.004) and TMH (P=0.01) of group two were still worse than group one. Moreover, TBUT (P<0.001) and CFS (P=0.004) of the group with eye pads got worse than the results before, whereas the group with bandage contact lenses recovered to normal. None of these patients had infections or other complications. CONCLUSION: Wearing therapeutic bandage contact lens after cataract surgery, compared with traditional eye-pads, is a safe method to improve tear-film stability and reduce post-operative discomfort without hindering corneal incision recovery.

MicroRNA-190b regulates lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity by targeting IGF-1 and ADAMTS9 in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by ectopic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. MiR-190b is thought to play a role in hepatocellular carcinoma by modulating insulin resistance; however, its role in NAFLD remains unknown. Here, we found that miR-190b expression was significantly increased in the liver tissues of patients with NAFLD, compared to normal tissues. Moreover, miR-190b was upregulated in a high-fat diet NAFLD mouse model and a free fatty acid-induced NAFLD cellular model. Knockdown of miR-190b decreased aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). It also reduced expression of the lipogenic genes fatty acid synthase (FAS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA reductase (HMGCR), alleviated hepatic steatosis, improved glucose tolerance, elevated insulin sensitivity, and activated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)2/Akt signaling in vivo and/or in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed that miR-190b directly targeted IGF-1 and ADAMTS9. MiR-190b overexpression suppressed expression of IGF-1 and ADAMTS9, which were increased by miR-190b inhibition. Expression of IGF-1 and ADAMTS9 was inversely correlated with miR-190b in liver tissues of patients with NAFLD, respectively. We also found that IGF-1 or ADAMTS9 inhibition partially reversed the effects of miR-190b on lipid metabolism and insulin signaling in vitro. Taken together, the data reveal that miR-190b inhibition suppressed lipid accumulation and improved insulin sensitivity by targeting IGF-1 and ADAMTS9, suggesting that miR-190b inhibition may be a therapeutic strategy against NAFLD.

Effect of infusion pressure during cataract surgery on ganglion cells measured using isolated-check visual evoked potential.

AIM: To detect the relationship between infusion pressure and postoperative ganglion cells function. METHODS: This prospective observational cohort study included sixty-one eyes that underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery. Patients were divided into two groups according to infusion time (IT) recorded using surgery equipment [Group A: IT>ITmean (27 eyes); Group B: IT

TLR-4/miRNA-32-5p/FSTL1 signaling regulates mycobacterial survival and inflammatory responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages.

Macrophages play a pivotal role in host immune response against mycobacterial infection, which is tightly modulated by multiple factors, including microRNAs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the biological function and potential mechanism of miR-32-5p in human macrophages during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. The results demonstrated that miR-32-5p was robustly enhanced in THP-1 and U937 cells in response to M.tb infection. TLR-4 signaling was required for upregulation of miR-32-5p induced by M.tb infection. Additionally, the introduction of miR-32-5p strongly increased the survival rate of intracellular mycobacteria, whereas inhibition of miR-32-5p suppressed intracellular growth of mycobacteria during M.tb challenged. Furthermore, forced expression of miR-32-5p dramatically attenuated the accumulation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α induced by M.tb infection. Conversely, downregulated expression of miR-32-5p led to enhancement in these inflammatory cytokines. More importantly, our study explored that Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1) was a direct and functional target of miR-32-5p. qRT-PCR and western blot analysis further validated that miR-32-5p negatively regulated the expression of FSTL1. Mechanistically, re-expression of FSTL1 attenuated the ability of miR-32-5p to promote mycobacterial survival. Meanwhile, miR-32-5p-mediated inhibition of the inflammatory cytokine production were completely reversed by overexpression of FSTL1. Collectively, our findings demonstrated a novel role of TLR-4/miRNA-32-5p/FSTL1 in the modulation of host defense against mycobacterial infection, which may provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and useful information for developing potential therapeutic interventions against the disease.

[Randomly sampling survey of dry eye awareness in general eye clinic].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the dry eye awareness in the populations visiting general eye clinic. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire about dry eye was designed and administrated to Peking University Third Hospital General Eye Clinic patients (n = 804) from June 2010 to June 2011. The questionnaire contents included general demographic characteristics, experience of health-related work, past medical history, medication history and ocular surface symptoms associated with dry eye, contact lens wearing, ocular operation history, etc. Chi-square and Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the influence of demographic and clinical features on awareness of dry eye. RESULTS: Awareness of "dry eye" in the general eye clinical patients was relatively low (26.9%, 216/804). Participants whose age were between 40 and 60 years had better dry eye awareness (41.7%, 73/175) (χ(2) = 27.365, P = 0.000). Dry eye awareness of female was better than that of male [female: 33.8% (151/447), male: 18.2% (65/357), χ(2) = 24.500, P = 0.000]. Those who had been in health-related work (71.4%, 30/42), and whose friends or relatives were ophthalmologists (54.7%, 52/95) had better dry eye awareness (χ(2) = 31.582, 36.400; both P < 0.01). Participants with a history of rheumatoid arthritis (7/10) or diabetes mellitus (63.0%, 17/27) had better dry eye awareness (χ(2) = 32.301, 29.887;both P < 0.01). Those who had been using artificial tears (77.5%, 31/40), oral contraceptives (9/14), diuretics (10/18), sedatives (70.4%, 19/27) and anti-depression drugs (4/4) had better dry eye awareness (χ(2) = 54.928, 10.154, 7.713, 26.912, 10.943; all P < 0.01). Except frequently blinking (29.5%), participants who had ocular irrigating symptoms (all > 33.0%) had better awareness than those who had not (χ(2) = 7.831 - 32.522, all P < 0.01). Those who were allergic to environment irritating factors (all > 30.0%) had better awareness (χ(2) = 5.033 - 24.564, all P < 0.01). Participants who had medical history of ocular surgery (47.2%, 34/72), experience of wearing contact lens (33.2%, 94/283), who were diagnosed as dry eye (100.0%, 45/45) and who had regular ocular examinations (31.0%, 96/310) had better awareness (χ(2) = 4.321 - 129.763, all P < 0.01). Those who had visited general practitioners (14.8%, 16/108) had lower awareness than those who went to hospital of higher level (28.7%, 200/696) (χ(2) = 9.324, P = 0.002). The result of binary logistic regression analysis showed that gender, health-related working experience, relatives or friends working as Ophthalmologists, using artificial tears, oral contraceptives and sedatives, ocular irritations or environment sensitivity, eye surgeries and wearing contact lens were factors that affected dry eye awareness (OR > 1.000, P < 0.10). CONCLUSIONS: Dry eye awareness in the population who visit general eye clinic is low. The knowledge of dry eye should be added to the patient education and public popularization.