Numerical study on the summertime patches of red tide in the adjacent sea of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary, China.

High incident rates of red tide have occurred off the coast of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary in summer, resulting from a magnified population growth discharging substantial nutrient loads into this vicinity. The presence of elevated Chlorophyll-a concentrations (≥36.3 µg/l), low suspended sediment concentrations in surface and mid-layers (<10 mg/l), a strong saline front and surface water temperature gradient, veering surface winds, and a bimodal shape to the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) revealed two red tide patches appearing between August 6-13, 2010. Two distinguishable hydrodynamic driving mechanisms, connected to these incidents, are diagnosed. Field observations and numerical simulations determined a red tide patch in the northeastern offshore area is caused by a northeast transport of the CDW truncated by a northwest intrusion of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) as winds deviated. Red tide occurrence in the southern nearshore area originated from a plume front where CDW interfaces with the TWC.

All-solid-state continuous-wave frequency-doubling Nd:YVO(4)/LBO laser with 2.35 W output power at 543 nm.

Efficient and compact green-yellow laser output at 543 nm is generated by intracavity frequency doubling of a cw diode-pumped Nd:YVO(4) laser at 1086 nm under the condition of suppressing the higher gain transition near 1064 nm. With 14.5 W of diode pump power and the frequency-doubling crystal LiB(3)O(5), as high as 2.35 W of cw output power at 543 nm is achieved, corresponding to an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 15.7%; the output power stability over 5 h is better than 2.56%. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest watt-level laser at 543 nm generated by intracavity frequency doubling of a diode pumped Nd:YVO(4) laser at 1086 nm.