[Reduction techniques for minimally invasive stabilization of proximal humeral fractures]. / Repositionstechniken bei minimal-invasiver Stabilisierung proximaler Humerusfrakturen.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of surgical stabilization of proximal humerus fractures is to restore the anatomical relations between the greater and lesser tubercle, to reconstruct the joint and preserve the vascular supply of the fragments. INDICATIONS: Approximately 80% of proximal humeral fractures can be treated conservatively. Surgical treatment is indicated based on the fracture pattern, patient-related factors and the risk of avascular head necrosis. Two-part fractures with a metaphyseal comminution zone and 3/4-part fractures can benefit from near to anatomic reconstruction depending on the patient's demands and bone quality. Minimally invasive stabilization procedures allow for an anatomical reconstruction in the majority of fresh proximal humeral fractures with or without a proximal shaft fracture, provided that intraoperative traction allows the fracture to be aligned axially in the image intensifier by ligamentotaxis. Indirect, combined with direct reduction maneuvers, allow for an almost anatomical reconstruction, despite minimal invasive approaches. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE: Beach chair position. The arm is held in a pneumatic articulating traction device. Evaluation of the indirect reduction potential by ligamentotaxis with visualization of the alignment of the head fragments in relation to the shaft by traction, abduction/adduction, flexion/extension and rotation. The traction device and a foam roll in the axilla to neutralize the tension of the pectoralis major and teres major muscles while simultaneously adducting the elbow hold the reduction. Insufficient reduction of the fragments requires additional direct reduction maneuvers. Opening of the bursa and fixation of the rotator cuff with sutures to adjust reposition. A 2.5 mm-threaded K­wire is inserted into the head fragment as a joystick. Under protection of the axillary nerve, the plate is inserted under protection of the axillary nerve. Temporary fixation of the plate with Kirschner wires for positioning the plate 5-8 mm below the greater tubercle and 2-3 mm laterally of the sulcus of the long biceps tendon and subsequent radiographic control. Reduction of the shaft against the plate with a cortex screw. The threaded K­wire in the head can be used to adjust the varus and valgus alignment and to achieve adequate support of the calcar. Finally, complete the osteosynthesis with angular stable screws. POSTOPERATIVE MANAGEMENT: Immediate active assisted exercise in the shoulder under physiotherapeutic supervision. Temporary immobilization for patient comfort. Standard active and resistive mobilization after the first clinical and radiological checkup 6 weeks after surgery. Further radiological checks after 3 and 6 months and 1 year. No routine plate removal.