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Objective:To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of remimazolam tosilate inducing loss of consciousness (LOC) when combined with sufentanil in children.Methods:American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classificationⅠ or Ⅱ pediatric patients of either sex, aged 3-6 yr, undergoing electronic bronchoscopy, were included in this study. ECG monitoring was carried out in all children after admission, sufentanil 0.1 μg/kg was intravenously injected slowly, and 3 min later remidazolam tosilate was intravenously injected. The dose of remimazolam tosilate was determined by the modified Dixon′s up-and-down sequential experiment, and the initial dose of remimazolam tosilate was 0.30 mg/kg. The dose of remimazolam tosilate in the next child was determined according to the the loss of consciousness, and the successive dose gradient was 0.05 mg/kg. Loss of eyelash reflex and Modified Observer′s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale score reaching 0 and the occurrence of 8 crossover points where consciousness transitioned from non-disappearance to disappearance after 1 min of remimazolam tosilate injection were considered to be signs of LOC. The median effective dose (ED 50), 95% effective dose (ED 95), and their 95% confidence interval ( CI) of remimazolam tosilate inducing LOC were calculated using probit method. Results:When combined with sufentanil, the ED 50 and 95% CI of remimazolam tosilate inducing loss of consciousness were 0.461 (0.429-0.493) mg/kg, and the ED 95 and 95% CI were 0.515 (0.487-0.689) mg/kg. Conclusions:When combined with sufentanil, the ED 50 of remimazolam tosilate inducing LOC is 0.461 mg/kg and the ED 95 is 0.515 mg/kg in children.
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@#Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of midazolam combined with dexmedetomidine for sedation during magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)examination in children.Methods The medical records of children who underwent sedated MRI examinations at the Sedation Center of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University from August 2021 to July 2022 were collected.The patients were divided into three groups based on age:Infant group(age≤1 year old,922 cases),toddler group(1 year old<age≤3 years old,1153 cases),and child group(3 years old<age≤8 years old,1698 cases).The sedation regimen was oral midazolam solution 0.5mg/kg combined with intranasal dexmedetomidine 2μg/kg.Medication taken 30 minutes prior to MRI examination.The sedation depth was evaluated using the Ramsay sedation scale.A score of≥5 points was considered to achieve deep sedation.The general data,sedation success rate,sleep time,wake time and the occurrence of adverse reactions were analyzed.Results The total number of children included in the analysis amounted to 3773,with 3480 cases successfully sedated,with a total success rate of 92.2%.The success rate of 15min and 30min sedation in child group was significantly lower than that in infant group and toddler group(P<0.05).The success rate of 45min and 60min sedation in toddler group was significantly lower than that in infant group and child group(P<0.05).The sleep time in child group was significantly longer than that in infant group and toddler group(P<0.001).The recovery time of infant group was longer than that of toddler group and child group(P<0.001).The overall incidence of adverse reactions was 4.9%.The incidence of total adverse reactions in child group was significantly lower than that in infant group and toddlers group(P<0.001).Conclusion Oral midazolam combined with intranasal dexmedetomidine is safe and effective for sedation during MRI examinations in children.The younger the age,the higher the sedation success rate,the longer the recovery time,but the overall incidence of adverse reactions is low.This combination of drugs is a safe and effective sedation option for pediatric MRI examinations.