Awake Nasal Fiberoptic Intubation in Lateral Position for Severely Obese Patients with Anticipated Difficult Airway: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a well-recognized risk factor for difficult intubation. To safely manage and overcome airway challenges in severely obese patients with a suspected difficult airway, awake fiberoptic intubation is recommended. We aimed to investigate the utility of awake nasal fiberoptic intubation in severely obese patients with suspected difficult airway while positioning them in the lateral decubitus position. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial compared lateral and supine positions for awake nasal fiberoptic intubation in severely obese patients with an anticipated difficult airway by assessing the success rate, time needed to secure the airway, peri-procedural adverse events, and postoperative satisfaction of patients. RESULTS: Sixty patients with a median age of 37 [inter-quartile range (IQR): 29-44] years were included, of which 47 (78.3%) were females. The median body mass index (BMI) was 45.5 [IQR: 42.5-50.8] kg/m2. The success rate of fiberoptic intubation was 100% in both groups. The time needed to successfully secure the airway was 188 [148.8-228.8] seconds (s) in the lateral position, compared to 214.5 [181.8-280.5] s in supine position (p = 0.019). Intraprocedural cough was more common in the supine position group (n = 8; 26.7%), compared to the lateral position group (n = 3; 10%; p = 0.095). Postoperative sore throat was more common in the lateral position group (n = 12; 40%) compared to the supine position (n = 5; 16.7%; p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, Intubation in the lateral position is a promising technique that is equivalent to the routine supine position during fiberoptic intubation. In fact, intubation in the lateral position took less time to successfully secure the airway.

The delaying of elective surgeries after COVID-19 infection decreases postoperative complications.

BACKGROUND: Huge controversy surrounds delaying elective surgeries after COVID-19 infection. Although two studies evaluated the issue, several gaps still exist. METHODS: A propensity score matched retrospective single center cohort design was used to evaluate the optimum time of delaying elective surgeries after COVID-19 infection and the validity of the current ASA guidelines in this regard. The exposure of interest was a previous COVID-19 infection. The primary composite included the incidence of death, unplanned Intensive Care Unit admission or postoperative mechanical ventilation. The secondary composite included the occurrence of pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, or venous thromboembolic. RESULTS: The total number of patients was 774, half of them had a history of COVID-19 infection. The analysis revealed that delaying surgeries for 4 weeks was associated with significant reduction in primary composite (AOR = 0.02; 95%CI: 0.00-0.33) and the length of hospital stay (B = 3.05; 95%CI: 0.41-5.70). Furthermore, before implementing the ASA guidelines in our hospital, a significant higher risk for the primary composite (AOR = 15.15; 95%CI: 1.84-124.44; P-value = 0.011) was observed compared to after applying it. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that the optimum period of delaying elective surgery after COVID-19 infection is four weeks, with no further benefits from waiting for longer times. This finding provide further support to the current ASA guidelines about delaying elective surgeries. Further large-scale prospective studies are needed to give more evidence-based support to the appropriateness of the 4-week waiting time for elective surgeries after COVID-19 infection and to investigate the effect of type of surgery on the required delay.

Combining Stellate ganglion block and intravenous regional anesthesia to treat complex regional pain syndrome: A 19-years' experience in a tertiary center.

OBJECTIVES: To study reduction in pain score after treatment with intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) and Stellate ganglion block (SGB) combination on complex regional pain syndrome (CPRS) patients and to quantify patients' satisfaction with treatment and occurrence of complications. METHODS: This is a record-based retrospective review carried out in 2020, targeting patients treated in the University of Jordan Hospital, Amman, Jordan, over the years 2002-2020. RESULTS: Among 99 patients, a significant drop in pain scores occurred in 88% of the patients' sample. Gender, age, type of CRPS, and duration of symptoms didn't affect statistical results. An average of 8.6 sessions needed to achieve 50% drop in pain score, and 2-3 sessions for first clinical improvement. Patients with previous application of plaster of Paris had increased success rates. CONCLUSION: We find it practical, inexpensive, safe, and straightforward to combine SGB with IVRA for CRPS patients.

Perioperative Cardiac Arrest: A 3-Year Prospective Study from a Tertiary Care University Hospital.

PURPOSE: Perioperative cardiac arrests (CAs) are a rare but catastrophic perioperative complication. Much about incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of such events are still unknown. This study investigated anesthesia-related CAs at a tertiary teaching hospital. METHODS: CA incidence within 24 hours of anesthesia administration was prospectively identified from May 1, 2016 to April 31, 2019. Each CA was matched by four other cases without CA receiving anesthesia on the same date and under similar operating conditions. The CA cases were reviewed and assigned to one of three groups: anesthesia-related, anesthesia-contributing, and anesthesia not related. RESULTS: A total of 58,303 patients underwent 73,557 procedures under anesthesia during the study period. In sum, 27 CAs were reported for incidence of 3.7 per 10,000 anesthesia administrations (95% CI 2.3-5.1). Eleven CA were anesthesia-related for incidence of 1.5 per 10,000 anesthesia administrations. Four CA cases were anesthesia-contributing for incidence of 0.5 per 10,000 anesthesia administrations, while 53% of the anesthesia-related and -contributing CAs were due to respiratory problems. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status score, cardiovascular surgery, emergency surgery, and increased duration of surgery were significantly correlated with CA incidents when compared to the control group. ASA physical status score is an independent risk factor of the occurrence of perioperative CA (OR 7.6, 95% CI 2.6-22.4; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Identifying factors associated with increased risk for anesthesia-related CA is of great importance in risk stratification for surgical patients. ASA physical status score was found to be a major factor in predicting perioperative CA, since patients with higher ASA scores had a statistically significant increased risk of CA. Therefore, extra precautions must be taken when dealing with unprepared patients who have uncontrolled medical illnesses, especially those who will be undergoing emergency surgery.

Use of intraoperative mild hyperventilation to decrease the incidence of postoperative shoulder pain after laparoscopic gastric sleeve surgery: A prospective randomised controlled study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Post-laparoscopic shoulder pain (PLSP) is a common problem. It is a referred type of pain resulting from irritation of phrenic nerve endings. Multiple manoeuvres were used to decrease its incidence with varying success rates. In this study, we tested the use of mild intraoperative hyperventilation to reduce PLSP in patients undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy surgery (LSG). METHODS: Consenting American Society of Anesthesiologists-I and II patients undergoing LSG under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A (53 patients) received intraoperative mild hyperventilation with target end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) of 30-32 mmHg. Group B (51 patients) received conventional ventilation (ETCO2 of 35-40 mmHg). Incidence and severity of PLSP, cumulative analgesic requirements and incidence of nausea and vomiting were recorded at 12 and 24 hours postoperatively and then followed up after discharge over the phone at 48 hours, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. Statistical significance of differences between the two groups was defined at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Incidence of PLSP was comparable between the two groups in the first 24 hours. The intervention group had a significantly lower incidence of PLSP throughout the remaining assessment points (56.6% vs. 80.4%, 30.2% vs. 78.4%, 15.1% vs. 70.6%, 3.8% vs. 35.3% at 36 hours, 48 hours, 1 week and 1 month, respectively, P < 0.05). The average PLSP pain score was significantly lower in the mild hyperventilation group at all assessment time points. Nausea and vomiting were non-significantly lower in the mild hyperventilation group. CONCLUSION: Mild intraoperative hyperventilation could be beneficial in reducing the incidence and severity of PLSP after LSG surgery.

A Co-Induction Technique Utilizing 4% Sevoflurane Followed by 0.75 mg/kg Propofol in Elderly Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Procedures: A Prospective Randomized Control Study.

Background and Objectives: Elderly patients constitute a large segment of healthcare receivers. Considering the functional deterioration of multiple organ systems with aging, achieving a safe perioperative approach is challenging. Our aim is to study the safety and effectiveness of a genuinely regimented co-induction technique in order to minimize anesthesia-related complications. Materials and Methods: One hundred and five patients were assigned to three groups according to the induction technique: propofol, sevoflurane and co-induction group. Inclusion criteria: patients with age ≥65 and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA) II-III who underwent endoscopic urological procedures. The propofol group received a dose of 1.5 mg kg-1 of propofol over two minutes for induction. The sevoflurane group received 8% of sevoflurane and 100% oxygen through a plastic facemask with the fresh gas flow set at 8 L min-1. The co-induction group received 4% sevoflurane through plastic facemask for two minutes, followed by a 0.75 mg kg-1 dose of propofol. After ensuring full range jaw relaxation, the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted. Results: Overall, the co-induction technique had a favorable profile in terms of respiratory adverse events, while the sevoflurane group had a favorable profile in terms of hemodynamic stability. Furthermore, 24 (68.6%) patients receiving inhalational sevoflurane had episodes of transient apnea, which constitutes 77.4% of the 31 episodes of transient apnea in the studied sample (p < 0.001). Moreover, six (17.1%) patients in the sevoflurane group had an episode of partial laryngospasm (p = 0.034). Compared with the co-induction group, we found that the propofol group had significantly less systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the second minute, with p values of (0.018) and (0.015), respectively. Conclusions: The co-induction technique utilizing 4% sevoflurane at 8 L min-1 flow of oxygen inhaled over two minutes followed by 0.75 mg kg-1 of propofol achieved less respiratory adverse events compared with the sevoflurane group, and less hemodynamic instability compared with the propofol group.

Patients' perception of the practice of anaesthesia in a teaching hospital in Northern Jordan: a survey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite big leaps of progress in its scope, the practice of anesthesia is still suffering from poor public image, especially in developing countries. Little research investigated the public awareness of anesthesia in the Middle East. This study aimed to examine the perception of the practice of anaesthesia among Jordanian patients. METHODS: A standard questionnaire with 29 questions was administered through personal interview to consenting patients. Questions tested patients' correct knowledge of the identity of anesthetists, their roles and scope of their practice. Awareness was measured using the frequency of correct answers to each survey question. A total awareness score was calculated as the percentage ratio of the number of correct answers to the total number of questions. We classified this score into: Poor< 50%. Moderate 50-75%, and Good > 75% to reflect patient's overall perception of anesthetists and their roles. Effects of demographic variables on results were also investigated. Appropriate statistical tests were used to summarize and compare results. A total of 513 patients admitted for elective surgery were sequentially approached for enrolment. RESULTS: Five hundred and five patients were enrolled. Most patients identified anesthesia as a separate practice from surgery (86%). The anaesthetist was identified as a physician by only 37% of patients. Equal importance to both anaesthetists and surgeons was assumed by 71.5% of patents. Only 15% of patients showed good level of total knowledge of anaesthetist roles, while 51% scored poorly. Highest awareness was of anaesthetist's preoperative roles (65.1%). Age was the only demographic factor affecting studied awareness (P = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Although the importance of anesthetist is well perceived among Jordanian patients, there is still some ignorance in their knowledge of the details of anesthesia practice. Active communication efforts and patient education by anesthetists are needed to improve the public status of the specialty.

Foreign body aspiration in children: A study of children who lived or died following aspiration.

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a preventable cause of mortality and morbidity in children. We conducted a chart review of children who presented to a university hospital due to FBA in the period 1999-2014. Children were either managed with bronchoscopy for removal of the foreign body or died due to FBA. A total of 103 children were seen due to FBA including 27 deaths. The majority of children were boys and were less than 3 years old. Most aspirated foreign bodies were food-related, mainly peanuts. The majority of children presented with acute choking incidents, a smaller number presented with recurrent chest infections, and few children's choking incidents were unwitnessed. X-ray had a high rate of false negatives and bronchoscopy was the gold standard technique for assessment and management. Aspiration of foreign bodies is a preventable, life-threatening condition that calls for increased parent education and awareness.

Remifentanil consumption in septoplasty surgery under general anesthesia. Association with humane mu-opioid receptor gene variants.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of the ORM1 variants in codon 118 on the intra-operative remifentanil consumption under general anesthesia. Methods: A prospective gene association study, performed at the Jordan University Jordan, Amman, Jordan from September 2013 to August 2014. It includes patients who underwent septoplasty surgery under general anesthesia. All patients received standard intravenous anesthesia. Anesthesia maintained with fixed dose of Sevoflurane and variable dose of Remifentanil to keep the systolic blood pressure between 90-100 mm Hg. The Remifentanil dose was calculated and correlated with ORM1 genotype variance. Results: Genotype and clinical data were available for 123 cases. The A118A genotype was seen in 96 patients (78%), the A118G genotype was seen in 25 patients (20.3%), and only 2 patients had genotype G118G (1.6%). The G118G variant was removed from the statistical analysis due to small sample size. There was a significant effect of ORM1 genotype variant and the amount of remifentanil consumed. The A118A genotype received 0.173 ± 0.063 µg kg-1 min-1 and the A118G genotype received 0.316 ± 0.100 µg kg-1 min-1 (p less than 0.0001). Conclusion: The ORM1 gene has a role in intra-operative remifentanil consumption in patients who underwent septoplasty surgery under general anesthesia. The A118G gene required higher dose of remifentanil compared with the A118A genotype.

The effects of caudal or intravenous dexmedetomidine on postoperative analgesia produced by caudal bupivacaine in children: a randomized controlled double-blinded study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of caudal and intravenous (IV) dexmedetomidine (1 µg/kg) on postoperative analgesia after caudal bupivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing lower abdominal and perineal surgeries. DESIGN: A randomized controlled double-blind study. SETTING: University-affiliated teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Seventy-five American Society of Anesthesiologists I children, aged 1 to 6 years. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly allocated to 3 groups. All patients received 1 mL/kg caudal 0.25% bupivacaine. In addition, those in group B (n=25) received 10-mL IV saline, those in group B-Dcau (n=25) received 1 µg/kg caudal dexmedetomidine and 10-mL IV saline, and those in group B-DIV (n=25) received 1 µg/kg IV dexmedetomidine in 10-mL saline. MEASUREMENTS: Intraoperative mean blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, end-tidal sevoflurane, and bispectral index as well as postoperative pain and behavior scores and time to first analgesia were assessed. MAIN RESULTS: Group B-Dcau had a significantly longer time to first rescue analgesia than groups B-DIV and B, with mean (SD) values of 14.4 (7.5), 9.18 (2.7), and 6.6 (2.5) hours, respectively (P<.05). Fewer patients in group B-Dcau (n=16) required rescue analgesia during the first 24 hours postoperatively compared to group B (n=24) and group B-DIV (n=20) (P<.05). Groups B-Dcau and B-DIV had lower pain and behavior scores than Group B. Eight patients Group B had agitation compared to 2 in Group B-DIV and 0 in Group B-Dcau. Four patients in Group B-DIV developed bradycardia and hypotension during surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to IV administration, caudal administration of dexmedetomidine during caudal bupivacaine anesthesia provided prolonged postoperative analgesia and a greater analgesic sparing effect without significant side effects. This suggests a greater role of neuraxial compared to that of peripheral α-2 adrenoceptors in pain processing.

Ephedrine requirements during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in Jordanian parturients: association with b2 adrenoceptor gene variants.

BACKGROUND: Maternal hypotension after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery is common. Many studies performed on the b2-adrenoceptor (b2AR) gene variants and their association with vasopressor requirements during and after neuroaxial block have contradictory conclusions. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of the b2AR in codons 16 and 27 on the incidence of maternal hypotension and ephedrine consumption after spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery in an Arab ethnic group. DESIGN: A prospective gene association study. SETTING: Jordan University Hospital from 1 July 2013 to 31 January 2014. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled parturients who underwent cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia was performed with 10 mg plain bupivacaine along with 25 micro g fentanyl. Hypotension was treated with ephedrine and the amount consumed in the first 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia was calculated. The b2AR genotype at codons 16 and 27 was determined. We studied the correlation between the b2AR genotype and the amount of ephedrine consumption after spinal anesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amount of ephedrine used. RESULTS: Of 250 patients enrolled in the study, genotype and clinical data were available for 234 cases. Ephedrine was used in 94% of patients. There was a significant effect of b2AR genotype on ephedrine dose in the first 30 minutes after spinal anesthesia in codon 16 and 27. Arg16 homozygotes received less ephedrine (14.0 [11.2] mg) than Gly16 homozygotes (38.6 [25.7] mg) and Arg16Gly heterozygotes (33.42 [22.70] mg) (P < .0001). Gln27 homozygotes received less ephedrine (18.2 [12.8] mg) than Glu 27 homozygotes (47.5 [27.0] mg) and Gln27Glu heterozygotes (48.2 [23.7] mg). (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: In an Arab ethnic group, the b2AR gene has a role in maternal hypotension after spinal anesthesia. The Gly16 and Glu27 alleles have a higher incidence of arterial hypotension and required a greater amount of vasopressor to treat hypotension compared with homozygous Arg16 and Gln27 carriers. LIMITATIONS: Fasting time and hydration protocol, the use of a fixed dose of ephedrine, and relatively small sample size.

Comparison of caudal bupivacaine alone with bupivacaine plus two doses of dexmedetomidine for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing infra-umbilical surgery: a randomized controlled double-blinded study.

BACKGROUND: Data are still insufficient about the effects of different concentrations of caudal dexmedetomidine when used to prolong postoperative analgesia in children. The aim of this study was to assess the analgesic efficacy and side effects of two doses of caudal dexmedetomidine (1 and 2 µg·kg(-1)) co-administered with bupivacaine in terms of postoperative pain scores and requirement of postoperative analgesia over 24 h in children undergoing infra-umbilical surgery. METHODS: Ninety-one children, aged 1-6 years, undergoing infra-umbilical surgery were included and randomly allocated into three groups of caudal block. Group B received 0.25% bupivacaine 2 mg·kg(-1) (0.8 ml·kg(-1)). Groups BD1 and BD2 received dexmedetomidine 1 and 2 µg·kg(-1), respectively along with bupivacaine 2 mg·kg(-1) in a total volume of 0.8 ml·kg(-1). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen. Hemodynamic and other routine intraoperative monitoring was carried out in addition to endtidal sevoflurane concentration. Time to spontaneous eye opening and postoperative pain and sedation scores were recorded in addition to time to first analgesia, paracetamol analgesic requirements, and any side effects during the first 24 postoperative hours. RESULTS: Time to first analgesia requirement was significantly longer in BD1 and BD2 groups compared to B group with mean values (95% CI) of 809 min (652-965), 880 (733-1026), and 396 (343-448), respectively, P < 0.001. Postoperative paracetamol analgesic requirements over 24 h were higher in group B compared to BD1 and BD2 groups (Mean (95% CI): 3.2 (2.9-3.5) doses, 1.9 (1.5-2.3), and 1.6 (1.3-1.9), respectively), P < 0.001. The dexmedetomidine groups had significantly higher postoperative sedation scores compared to plain bupivacaine group that were dose dependent and for longer time in BD2 group. Two patients in BD2 group developed bradycardia and hypotension, and one developed urine retention compared to none in other groups. CONCLUSION: A 1 µg·kg(-1) dose of caudal dexmedetomidine achieved comparable prolongation of postoperative analgesia to 2 µg·kg(-1) dose, with shorter duration of postoperative sedation and lower incidence of other side effects.

Comparison of ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks and intravenous morphine for control of post-orchidopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery.

BACKGROUND: The present study is a prospective randomized double-blinded study that designed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of postoperative pain control and incidence of complications between ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block and intravenous morphine in paediatric patients undergoing unilateral orchidopexy in day surgery unit. METHODS: Seventy patients aged 2-12 years were randomly allocated to two groups of thirty five. One group received intravenous morphine 100 microgram/kg before skin incision and the other group had ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block with 0.25 ml/kg bupivacaine 0.5% also before skin incision. All patients have received standardized anaesthesia. Postoperative pain was assessed using 0 - 10 scale at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 postoperative hours, also the intraoperative fentanyl requirements, time to first postoperative analgesia, the total number of paracetamol doses and any extra analgesic requirements were recorded, side effects like respiratory depression, vomiting, itching, inguinal hematoma and lower limb weakness were assessed during the first 24 hours. RESULTS: Pain scores were significantly lower in the morphine group compared to the block group on admission and one hour after admission to the postanaesthesia care unit, no significant difference in pain score on 2nd, 3rd and 4th postoperative hours. The total number of intraoperative fentanyl doses was significantly higher in the block group compared to morphine group, there was no significant difference in the duration of analgesia, number of total paracetamol doses, need for extra analgesics in both groups over the 24 postoperative hours. None of the seventy patients experienced postoperative respiratory depression, inguinal hematoma or lower limb weakness, but significantly more patients in morphine group experienced vomiting and itching compared to the block group. CONCLUSION: Ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve block and intravenous morphine administered following general anaesthesia for unilateral orchidopexy in day surgery unit are safe and effective in controlling postoperative pain, morphine analgesia had a higher incidence of postoperative vomiting and itching.

Iatrogenic water intoxication in healthy parturient causing convulsions and fractured mandible.

We report a case of a mandibular dentoalveolar fracture caused by severe iatrogenic hyponatremia-induced grand mal seizure in a 31-year-old pregnant lady who underwent normal vaginal delivery. She had oxytocin augmentation of her labor, and the seizure happened in the immediate postpartum period. The seizure was thought to be because of severe hyponatremia and prompt management controlled the metabolic disorder. The fracture was reduced and fixed successfully, and she was discharged after 48 hours, healing was uneventful.

Early vs. late tracheostomy for the ICU patients: Experience in a referral hospital.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to present our experience with elective surgical tracheostomy for intensive care unit (ICU) patients who needed prolonged translaryngeal intubation in order to evaluate the proper timing and advantages of early vs. late tracheostomy and to stress upon the risks associated with delayed tracheostomy. METHODS: Medical records of all patients, who underwent elective tracheostomy for prolonged intubation from September 2006 to August 2010 at Jordan University hospital, were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 106 patients (74 males) were included; their age ranged from 2 months to 90 yr with mean age of 46.5 yr. The mean time at which tracheostomy was done after initial tracheal intubation was 23 days (range 3-7 weeks). Trauma was the most frequent cause of ICU admission 38 (35.8%), followed by post-surgery causes 14 (13.2%). An early tracheostomy showed less complication vs late procedure. The length of stay in the ICU for patients who had an early tracheostomy was 26 days while this period for patients who had late tracheostomy was 47 days. Mortality rate among patients who had early tracheostomy was 17.1% while for late tracheostomy patients, it was 36.1%. CONCLUSION: Proper assessment and early tracheostomy is recommended for patients who require prolonged tracheal intubation in the ICU.

Short thyromental distance is a surrogate for inadequate head extension, rather than small submandibular space, when indicating possible difficult direct laryngoscopy.

CONTEXT: Airway research in anaesthesia shows that the thyromental distance (TMD) as a predictor of difficult intubation is subject to variable sensitivity and specificity. Recently, its value in this regard has been questioned with calls for a redefinition of its role. OBJECTIVE(S): To define the role of TMD as a predictor of possible difficult laryngoscopy. DESIGN: A prospective observational study. SETTING: A tertiary university teaching hospital. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and thirty-five consecutive patients (137 men), planned for endotracheal intubation anaesthesia, were enrolled in the study. Those who were edentulous, or had facial asymmetry, teeth protrusion, limited mouth opening, history of head and/or neck radiation therapy or any disorder, were excluded. Nobody was excluded once enrolled. INTERVENTION(S): Preoperative straight-line morphometric measurements of the mandible and submandibular space (SMS) were taken by a measuring device and used to form a three-dimensional model of SMS. Sagittal dimensions of the SMS that determine the TMD were derived using trigonometric laws. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Direct laryngoscopic view, assessed by a senior anaesthetist and classified according to Cormack/Lehane classification. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were reported to have 'limited laryngoscopic view'. The TMD had a sensitivity of 19% and a specificity of 97% as a predictor of laryngoscopic view. Among the factors that determine the magnitude of TMD, only the degree of head extension was significantly different between the two laryngoscopy groups. The other two factors (sagittal angulomental distance, representing mandibular growth, and sagittal angulothyroid distance, representing laryngeal descent in the neck) did not differ between the two groups. Also, the SMS volume did not differ between the two laryngoscopy groups. CONCLUSION: The role of the TMD in prediction of difficult laryngoscopy should be redefined from a variable representing the SMS volume to one acting as a surrogate for inadequate head extension.

Use of dexmedetomidine as the main anesthetic agent in patients with laryngo-tracheomalacia--a case report.

The successful use of Dexmedetomidine as the main anesthetic agent for three pediatric patients with tracheomalacia presenting for different kinds of urgent operations is described. Patients were kept spontaneously breathing without intubation during their whole procedures. Surgical conditions were adequate, and hemodynamic and respiratory profiles were within baseline limits.

Intraoperative administration of dexmedetomidine reduces the analgesic requirements for children undergoing hypospadius surgery.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to assess whether an intraoperative administration of dexmedetomidine would decrease the intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements for paediatric patients undergoing hypospadius surgery. METHODS: Forty-eight children (American Society of Anesthesiologists-1) aged 1-12 years undergoing hypospadius repair under general anaesthesia were randomly assigned into dexmedetomidine or placebo groups, D and P, respectively. Group D received a loading dose of dexmedetomidine 1 microg kg(-1) after induction of anaesthesia, followed by a continuous infusion at a rate of 0.7 microg kg(-1) h(-1). Group P received a volume-matched 0.9% saline. Both groups received fentanyl for intraoperative analgesia and intravenous morphine and oral paracetamol for postoperative analgesia. For both groups, heart rate, blood pressure and fentanyl requirements were recorded intraoperatively. During their stay for 2 h in the recovery room, heart rate, blood pressure, pain scores, behaviour scores and total morphine requirements were recorded. After discharge from postanaesthesia care unit, paracetamol requirements over 24 h were also recorded. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, the dexmedetomidine-treated group had significantly fewer fentanyl requirements, slower heart rate and lower mean arterial blood pressure (P < 0.001). In the postanaesthesia care unit, this group also consumed significantly less morphine, had lower pain scores, lower behaviour score in the immediate postoperative period, lower heart rates and mean arterial blood pressures when compared with the placebo group (P < 0.001). Group D consumed significantly less paracetamol than group P in the ward over 24 h. CONCLUSION: Intravenous administration of dexmedetomidine intraoperatively during hypospadius repair in children reduces intraoperative and postoperative analgesic requirements and lowers heart rate and blood pressure.