[Life cycle of Tetrameres (Microtetrameres) inermis (Linstow, 1879): tetramerid nematode parasite of the weaver Ploceus aurantius in Togo]. / Cycle biologique de Tetrameres (Microtetrameres) inermis (Linstow, 1879), Nématode tetrameridae parasite du tisserin Ploceus aurantius au Togo.

The tetramerid nematode Tetrameres (Microtetrameres) inermis (Linstow, 1879), was found in the weaver Ploceus aurantius in Togo. Its larval biology was studied in experimentally infected orthopterans Tylotropidius patagiatus and Locusta migratoria (Acrididae). The length of infective third-stage larvae of T. (M.) inermis (1.5-1.6 mm) was shorter (2.2-2.6 mm) than those of the larvae of T. (M.) corax and T. (M.) helix. In the family Tetrameridae the primitive nature of the sub-genus Microtetrameres in revealed by the presence of developed pseudolabia which resemble the cephalic structures in the Spiruridae, and by the type of encapsulation of the parasite in the adipose tissue of the insect intermediate host. As with Cyrnea eurycerca (Habronematidae) the infective larvae leave their capsule and are found free in the hemocoele.

[Biological cycle of Acuaria gruveli (Gendre, 1913), acuarid nematode parasite of francolins in Togo]. / Cycle biologique d'Acuaria gruveli (Gendre, 1913), nématode acuaride parasite du francolin au Togo.

Redescription of Acuaria gruveli (Gendre, 1913), parasite of the phasianid bird Francolinus bicalcaratus in Togo. The development of the first three larval stages in experimentally infected Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is described and illustrated. Larvae are infective after 8 to 11 days of development at 30 degrees C. In caudal morphology, infective larvae are similar to those of A. hamulosa. The encapsulation of A gruveli larvae in the skeletal muscles of the insect is compared to the larval encapsulation of A. anthuris, A. depressa, and of the Gongylonematidae. In this respect, the Acuariidae appear better adapted than the Gongylonematidae to the intermediate host.

[Biological cycle of Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916, an oviparous filarial parasite of the kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis in Togo]. / Cycle biologique de Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916, filaire ovipare parasite du Martin-pêcheur Halcyon senegalensis au Togo.

An oviparous filarial nematode parasite of the kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis in Togo, is identified as Diplotriaena sokolowi Skrjabin, 1916. The development of the first three larval stages in experimentally infected Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch (Orthoptera, Acrididae) is described and illustrated. Larvae are infective after 14 days of development at 30 degrees C. Their cephalic structures differ from those of the third-stage larvae of the known Diplotriaenidae; on the other hand, they recapitulate the adult cephalic structures of the genus Serratospiculum and confirm the affinity between the Diplotriaeninae and the Dicheilonematinae. As in D. tridens and D. tricuspis, larvae of D. sokolowi are encapsulated in the insect adipose tissue. The cellular encapsulation in Diplotriaenidae is compared with that provoked by Spirurid and Onchocercid nematodes in the adipose tissue of their intermediate host.

[Larval biology of Cyrnea (Cyrnea) eurycerca Seurat, 1914, a habronemid nematode parasite of the francolin in Togo]. / Sur la biologie larvaire de Cyrnea (Cyrnea) eurycerca Seurat, 1914, Nématode Habronème parasite du Francolin au Togo.

Larval biology of the habronemid nematode Cyrnea (Cyrnea) eurycerca Seurat, 1914, parasite of the Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus bicalcaratus, in Togo, is experimentally studied with the orthopteran Acrididae Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch as intermediate host. The first three larval stages are described and illustrated. Infective larvae, which occur after two weeks of development at 30 degrees C, are unusually large (3 mm). The biology of this habronemid nematode is compared with the biology of the other Spirurids. It differs by: --an asynchronous penetration of the first stage larvae in the insect adipose tissue, --a short stay in this tissue (about 5 days) with a cell reaction of encapsulation, followed by an active escape of second stage larvae out of their capsule, --free and movable infective larvae in the hemocoele of the insect.

[Biological cycle of Cyrnea (Procyrnea) mansoni Seurat, 1914, a habronemid nematode parasite of birds of prey in Togo]. / Cycle biologique de Cyrnea (Procyrnea) mansioni Seurat, 1914, nématode habronème parasite des rapaces au Togo.

A habronemid nematode in birds of prey, Milvus migrans Bonaparti and Accipiter badius Linné, in Togo, is identified as Cyrnea (Procyrnea) mansioni (Seurat, 1914). Larval development is experimentally studied in the orthopteran Acrididae Tylotropidius patagiatus Karsch. The first three larval stages are described and illustrated. The biology of this spiruroid nematode is distinguished by the unusual rapidity of larval development (infective larvae at 10 days). Comparison of the life cycle of C. mansioni with life cycles of other Habronemid Nematodes parasitizing birds, points out an evolution of larvae from primitive forms of large size and slow development to evolved forms of small size and rapid development. Observations concerning the encapsulation of infective larvae in the intermediate host confirm this larval evolution.

[Presence of a new Trichostrongyloidea (Nematoda) Nochtia (Nochtia) atelerixi n. sp. in an Erinacoidea (Insectivora) in Togo]. / Sur la présence d'un nouveau Trichostrongyloidea (Nematoda) Nochtia (Nochtia) atelerixi n. sp. chez un Erinacoidea (Insectivora) du Togo.

Nochtia (Nochtia) atelerixi n. sp. (Nematoda, Trichostrongyloidea) of Ethiopian Erinacoidea. - Nochtia (Nochtia) atelerixi n. sp. is found in the intestine of the hedgehog Atelerix albiventris in Togo. It is distinguished from the two other congeneric species parasite of asiatic Primates, N. (N.) nochti Travassos et Vogelsang, 1929 and N. (N.) tani Le Van Hoa, 1966, mainly by the highest number of cuticular crests and spicules with six tips.

[Larval morphology and biology of Gongylonema soricis Fain, 1955 (author's transl)]. / Morphologie et biologie larvaires de Gongylonema soricis Fain, 1955.

The spirurid nematode Gongylonema soricis Fain, 1955, the parasite of shrews from Zaïre and Ruanda Urundi has been identified in shrews from Togo. Its infective larva has been obtained experimentally from Periplaneta orientalis as intermediate host. The larval characteristics of G. soricis link it to the G. brevispiculum type, one of the four larval morphological types which have been classified in the genus Gongylonema.

[Life cycle of Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916, parasite of the African hedge-hog (author's transl)]. / Cycle biologique de Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916 parasite du Hérisson d'Afrique du Nord.

The Gongylonematid Nematode parasite of the Tunisian hedge-hog has been identified as Gongylonema mucronatum Seurat, 1916. The infective larva has been obtained from Locusta migratoria as intermediate host. The larval characters of this Gongylonema link it to the species G. pulchrum.

[Life cycle of Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913, Subuluroidea Nematode, parasite of the elephant shrew (author's transl)]. / Cycle biologique de Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913 (Nématode Subuluroidea), Ontogenèse des structures céphaliques.

The life cycle of Maupasina weissi Seurat, 1913, the parasite of the elephant shrew, has been experimentally obtained from the intermediate host Locusta migratoria. The biology of this Nematoda is considered as being more primitive than the Subuluridae: -- egg maturation in external environment is in fact necessary to the Maupasina larvae to penetrate into the insect, -- The different localizations of the infective larvae, such as mesenteron regeneration crypta, fat body, demonstrate that the parasite is not completely adaptated to its intermediate host, -- the ontogenesis of cephalic structures is characterized by an hypertrophy of the archaic structures mainly from cuticular origin.

[On the morphology of the Rictularid, Pterygodermatites nycticebi (Mönnig, 1920) (Nematoda, Riculariidae) of the slow Loris (author's transl)]. / Sur la morphologie du Rictulaire du Nycticèbe Pterygodermatites nycticebi (Mönnig, 1920) (Nematoda, Rictulariidae).

Description of the male Pterygodermatites nycticebi (Mönnig, 1920) unknown until the present study, and a study of the cephalic and cuticular structures of the female. This rictularid has a morphological evolution comparable to that of other males of the Rictulariidae parasitic in viverrid carnivores and in primates.

[The Gongylonematid parasitic in the elephant shrew Elephantus rozeti (Macrocelidae) in Tunisia was identified as Gongylonema brevispiculum Seurat, 1914 (author's transl)]. / Identification et biologie du Gongylonème parasite du Macroscélide en Tunisie.

Its larval form obtained from experimentally infected intermediate hosts, differs from those of other Gongylonematids. In the genus Gongylonema four types of larvae were recognized. They are characterized by the size and the cephalic and caudal structures of the larvae. The cellular reactions caused by the larvae of G. brevispiculum in the insect muscles are similar to those caused by infections with larvae of Acuarid nematodes.

[On the morphology of Syphacia callosciuri n. sp., pin-worm parasite of a Malaysian squirrel and on the origin of Rattus pin-worm, Syphacia muris (Yamaguti, 1935) (author's transl)]. / Sur la morphologie de Syphacia callosciuri n. sp., Oxyure parasite d'un écureuil de Malaisie et sur l'origine de l'oxyure du Rattus: Syphacia muris (Yamaguti, 1935).

Description of a new species of Oxyurid: Syphacia (Syphatineria) callosciuri n. sp. parasite of a Sciurid rodent Callosciuris caniceps in Malaysia. In rodents belonging to the genus Callosciurus in Malaysia two species: S callosciuri n. sp. and S. owyangi Quentin, 1975, show morphological characteristics which are intermediate between the primitive Syphacia and two different lines of species parasite of recent rodents. These observations appear to indicate that the adaptation of Syphacia of Sciurids to the modern rodents has occured in South-East Asia.

Development of D. (A.) weissi, a macroscelid's filaria, in Ornithodoros erraticus (author's transl). / Développment de Dipetalonema (A.) weissi filaire de macroscélide, chez un ornithodore.

The microfilariae of D. (A.) weissi parasite of Elephantulus rozeti in North Africa evolved in Ornithodoros erraticus (Vellozo strain from Casablanca) where they reach the infective stage. The Filaria D. (A.) viteae, parasite of Gerbillid Rodents, is closely related to D. (A.) weissi but has some clear differential characters; on the contrary the infective stages seem to be undistinguishable.

[Biological cycle of Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) (author's transl)]. / Cycle biologique de Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868).

Tarsubulura perarmata (Ratzel, 1868) is described from a primate Tarsius bancanus and from Tupaidae: Tupaia glis and T. minor in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur). Its biological cycle is done by the experimental infestation of crickets belonging to the genera Valanga and Oxya. The infective larvae are obtained after three weeks of development of 28 degrees C in the intermediate host. They differ from third stage larvae obtained from Subulurinae by the development of cuticular pharyngeal lobes. The early apparition of this ontogenetic character confirms the isolation of the genus Tarsubulura as compared to the general evolution of the Subuluridae.

[Biological cycle of the nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis (Jägerskiold, 1904) (author's transl)]. / Cycle biologique du Nématode rictulaire Pterygodermatites (Multipectines) affinis (Jagerskiold, 1904)

Infestant larva of the Nematode Rictulariidae: Pterygodermatities affinis (Jägerskiold, 1904) are localized in Pimelia: Tachyderma hispida Forskael of Algeria. Through the infestation of a young cat, embryonated eggs are collected after 38 days of development altogether with a female parasite. The experimental cycle of this rictulariid nematode in Locusta migratoria is characterized by the shortness of its development and the similarity in growth during the first and second larval stages. The cellular reaction of the Insect to the larva P. affinis is weaker in the Pimelia than in the Grasshopper, used as experimental host.

[Description and life history of Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis sp. n (author's transl)]. / Description et cycle biologique de Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis n. sp

A new species of Spirurid Nematode Tetrameres (Tetrameres) cardinalis n. sp. parasite of a Cardinal: Richmondia cardinalis is described. This Tetrameres shows primitive cephalic structures, 33 to 43 pairs of somatic spines in male, spicules of unequal length: left 365-440, right 65-350 mu, mature eggs with tufts of polar filaments. The life-cycle of this Spirurid has been obtained experimentally with the grass-hopper Locusta migratoria as an intermediate host. Its larval development is characterized by the quickness of organogenesis, the stability of cephalic structures from third stage to adult stage, the small size (800 mu) of infective larva, the localization of larva in the insect fat tissue.

[Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, an oviparous filaria parasite of ploceid birds from Tchad. Larval morphogenesis (author's transl)]. / Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, filaire ovipare parasite d'oiseaux plocéidés au Tchad. Morphogénèse larvaire du nématode

Aprocta cylindrica Linstow, 1883, was identified in Africa (Tchad) from Passeriform birds Ploceidae belonging to the species Quelea quelea quelea (L), Ploceus capitalis (Latham), P. cucullatus (Müller) and Euplectes orix (Insert). Its experimental life cycle achieved in Orthoptera Locusta migratoria allows the study of the three first larval stages.