(Ine)quality in Healthcare: a perspective from the accreditation of clinical laboratories in Costa Rica / (Ine)quidades en la calidad de la atención sanitaria: perspectiva de la acreditación de laboratorios clínicos en Costa Rica

Abstract Introduction: Given the relevance of quality-assured laboratory services for health system strengthening and improvement, this study had the objective of exploring the distribution of ISO 15189-accredited and non-accredited laboratories in Costa Rica, in order to identify possible gaps in the fulfillment of its commitment to provide quality healthcare for all.Methods: Our research was conducted with a descriptive scope and following a quantitative approach. Costa Ricas Accreditation Body and College of Microbiologists databases were searched to collect data regarding clinical laboratory registration and ISO 15189 accreditation status. Laboratory availability indicators by geographical division were computed with this data.Results: Out of 480 clinical laboratories allowed to operate in Costa Rica as of January 2021, only 5 (about 1%) have been accredited in compliance with ISO 15189, all of which are private and located in the province of San José. Also, laboratory density (in terms of facilities per 100 km2 and per 100 000 population) is heterogeneous among provinces. Clinical laboratory services are more easily available in central provinces of the country (e.g. San José and Heredia), where ratios for laboratory density are higher. On the contrary, coastal provinces such as Limón and Puntarenas exhibit low laboratory density ratios, reflecting geographical disparities in access to healthcare.Conclusions: Geographic disparities in the access to clinical laboratory services were observed. This should raise awareness among public health authorities and private healthcare providers regarding the countrys progress in attaining its quality healthcare for all commitment.

Resumen Introducción: Dada la relevancia de asegurar la calidad en los servicios de laboratorio para el fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud, este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar la distribución de laboratorios acreditados con ISO 15189 en Costa Rica, buscando identificar posibles brechas en el cumplimiento del compromiso país de brindar atención sanitaria de calidad para todos. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación con alcance descriptivo, siguiendo un enfoque cuantitativo. Se exploraron las bases de datos del Ente Costarricense de Acreditación y del Colegio de Microbiólogos de Costa Rica para recopilar datos sobre el registro y estado de acreditación de laboratorios clínicos. Con estos datos, se calcularon indicadores de densidad de laboratorios por división geográfica. Resultados: De los 480 laboratorios clínicos autorizados para operar en Costa Rica a enero 2021, solo 5 (aproximadamente un 1%) están acreditados por ISO 15189; todos ellos son privados y se ubican en la provincia de San José. Además, hay heterogeneidad entre provincias en cuanto a la densidad de laboratorios (establecimientos por 100 km2 y por 100 000 habitantes). Los servicios de laboratorio clínico están más fácilmente disponibles en provincias "centrales" del país (como San José y Heredia). Por el contrario, provincias costeras como Limón y Puntarenas exhiben bajas densidades de laboratorios, lo que refleja desigualdades en el acceso a la atención en salud. Conclusiones: Se observaron disparidades geográficas en el acceso a los servicios de laboratorio clínico. Esto debería crear conciencia entre los proveedores de salud públicos y privados sobre el progreso del país en el cumplimiento de su compromiso de "atención sanitaria de calidad para todos".

The cage test as an easy way to screen and evaluate spontaneous activity in preclinical neuroscience studies.

Within behavioral neuroscience, subjects used to be randomly assigned to the experimental groups based on the premise that interindividual variability will be homogeneously distributed. However, the equivalence offered by randomization diminishes in small samples, which is the case for most experiments in the field. In rodents, it is well-recognized that individual differences in psychomotor reactivity, risk-assessment behaviors, and emotional responsiveness modulate the effects of different pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. For that reason, knowing such differences before the experiment provides highly valuable information for balancing the groups so that the interindividual variability is equally distributed within the groups without excluding subjects as far as possible. Because unconditioned anxiety tests such as the open-field (OF) and the elevated plus-maze are commonly used within experimental procedures, we developed a strategy to explore the rat's behavioral phenotype by assessing it in a very innocuous testing context: a housing cage.•We offer a very straightforward protocol for assessing spontaneous, novelty-induced reactivity in rodents.•We describe its implementation, analysis, and use, as well as some suggestions about key behavioral readouts for the group allocation procedure.•The current protocol provides an alternative strategy to assess a reasonably wide range of behavioral outcomes, most of which are of great interest in modeling different neuropsychiatric disorders.

Enfermedad celíaca y desarrollo de patologías secundarias / Celiac disease and the development of secondary disorders

La enfermedad celíaca es una patología autoinmune sistémica caracterizada por un estado inflamatorio crónico de la mucosa y submucosa intestinal, de origen multifactorial y detonada por factores ambientales como la ingesta de gluten en individuos genéticamente predispuestos a sensibilizarse a dicha proteína. La prevalencia de la enfermedad a nivel mundial se estima entre 1,1% y 1,7%, según datos de seroprevalencia. Sin embargo, se considera que existe una importante cantidad de individuos no diagnosticados, quienes podrían llegar a desarrollar una serie de complicaciones debido a que no reciben el manejo adecuado. Por ello, el objetivo de esta revisión comprende valorar algunas de las patologías secundarias más frecuentes asociadas a la enfermedad celíaca, evidenciando la afectación sistémica que puede presentar un individuo con esta enfermedad.

Celiac disease is a systemic autoimmune pathology characterized by a chronic inflammatory state of the intestinal mucosa and submucosa, of multifactorial origin and triggered by environmental factors such as gluten intake in individuals genetically predisposed to become sensitized to such protein. The worldwide prevalence of the disease is estimated to be between 1.1% and 1.7%, based on seroprevalence data. However, it is considered that there are a significant number of undiagnosed individuals, who could develop a series of complications due to not receiving adequate management. For this reason, the objective of this review is to assess some of the most frequent secondary disorders associated with celiac disease, evidencing the systemic involvement that an individual with this disease can develop.

A Protocol to Perform Systemic Lipopolysacharide (LPS) Challenge in Rats / Protocolo para realizar reto sistémico con lipopolisacárido (LPS) en ratas

Abstract 19. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. In animals, intraperitoneal administration of LPS, stimulates innate immunity and the production of proinflammatory cytokines. LPS provides an inflammatory stimulus that activates the neuroimmune and neuroendocrine systems resulting in a set of responses termed sickness behavior. The purpose of this protocol is to describe step-by-step the preparation and procedure of application of intraperitoneal injection of LPS in rats, as a guide for those researchers that want to use this assay to mount an inflammatory response. LPS intraperitoneal challenge in rats has been widely used to evaluate antiinflammatory reagents and to address basic scientific questions.

Resumen 23. El lipopolisacárido (LPS) es un componente de la membrana externa de las bacterias Gram negativas. En animales, la administración intraperitoneal de LPS estimula la inmunidad innata y la producción de citoquinas proinflamatorias. El LPS proporciona un estímulo inflamatorio que activa el sistema neuroinmunológico y el sistema neuroendocrino, lo que da como resultado un conjunto de respuestas denominadas conductas de enfermedad. El propósito de este protocolo es describir paso a paso la preparación y el procedimiento de aplicación de la inyección intraperitoneal de LPS en ratas, como una guía para aquellos investigadores que desean utilizar este método para estimular una respuesta inflamatoria en el animal. La estimulación con LPS en ratas, aplicada intraperitonealmente, se ha utilizado ampliamente para evaluar reactivos antiinflamatorios y para abordar preguntas básicas de investigación científica.