RESUMO
Spatial patterns, cluster or dispersion trends are statistically different from random patterns of trace elements (TEs), which are essential to recognize, e.g., how they are distributed and change their behavior in different environmental processes and/or in the polluted/contaminated areas caused by urban and industrial pollutant located in upstream basins and/or by different natural geological conditions. The present study focused on a statistical approach to obtain the spatial variability of TEs (As, B and Sb) in shallow groundwater (GW) in a high-altitude arid region (Lower Katari Basin, Bolivian Altiplano), using multivariate analysis (PCA and HCA), geochemical modeling (PHREEQC, MINTEQ) and spatial analyses (Moran's I and LISA), considering the community supply wells. The results indicate that despite of the outliers there is a good autocorrelation in all cases, since Moran's I values are positive. The global spatial dependence analysis indicated a positive and statistically significant spatial autocorrelation (SA) for all cases and TEs are not randomly distributed at 99% confidence level. The results of hydrochemical modeling suggested the precipitation and stability of Fe (III) phases such as goethite. The re-adsorption of As and Sb on the mineral surface in the aquifer could be limiting the concentrations of both metalloids in southern regions. Spatial autocorrelation was positive (High-High) in northwestern (arsenic), southeastern (boron) and northeastern (antimony) region. The results reflected that the As and Sb are the main pollutants linked to the natural geological conditions, but B is a main pollutant due to the anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, >50% shallow groundwater exceeded the WHO limit and NB-512 guideline values for Sb (87%), B (56%) and As (50%); therefore the spatial distribution and concentrations of these TEs in GW raise a significant concern about drinking water quality in the study area.
RESUMO
El objetivo del presente trabajo es encontrar un metodo adecuado para la extraccion del aceite esencial de Eucaliptus Globulus Labill, Debido a la gran importancia que van adquiriendo tanto en el campo comercial como cientifico.Tambien se explica mediante el aprovechamiento de las propiedades; los factores que influyen en su composicion y cantidad de los aceites esenciales para su extraccion.Los aceites esenciales y resinas son productos elaborados por plantas pertenecientes a numerosos grupos que comunican a los organos que los contienen olores particulares; generalmente muy gratos como los perfumes de las flores. Por lo comun son elaborados por el plasma, vertidos en las vacuolas y secretados por estas al exterior; en tal caso existen celulas especiales, llamadas glandulas, situadas en los mas diversos organos de las plantas, en las cuales se almacenan las secreciones del citoplasma entre la membrana y la cuticula, para luego derramarse al exterior. Estas celulas constituyen los tejidos secretores, que desempeñan funciones ecologicas muy importante.
