Efficacy of apheresis platelet transfusion in 310 patients with haematological diseases / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To observe the effect of platelet transfusion in inpatients with haematological diseases, analyze the possible causes of platelet transfusion refractoriness (PTR), in order to further improve the efficacy of platelet transfusion. 【Methods】 A total of 310 patients with blood disease in our hospital from August 2020 to November 2021 who received platelet transfusion were retrospectively analyzed. Possible influencing factors of platelet transfusion, including gender, age, platelet preservation time, number of platelet transfusions, complication and red blood cell product transfusion were analyzed. 【Results】 Patients were divided into effective group and refractory group according to percentage platelet recovery (PPR) and corrected count increment (CCI). PTR was defined as PPR <20% or CCI <5 000 after two consecutive transfusions in 24 h or clinical bleeding symptoms or tendency not significantly controlled. Statistical differences were noticed between the two groups in terms of gender, pretransfusion white blood cell count, anemia, and whether antibiotics were used (P<0.05). The type of disease, gender, anemia and number of comorbidities were associated with PTR. The incidence of PTR was the highest in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome, and the incidence of PTR was higher in men than in women. Transfusion units of suspended red blood cells and the number of comorbidities were negatively correlated with the transfusion efficacy (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 Possible influencing factors of platelet transfusion included the level of white blood cells before transfusion, use of antibiotics, anemia and transfusion of red blood cells, number of comorbidities, and type of disease, while no significant differences were found in age, hemolysis, hypersplenism, platelet preservation time, and number of platelet transfusions on transfusion efficacy.

Application effectiveness of PDCA in emergency blood management / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To explore the effectiveness of PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act Cycle Management) in clinical emergency blood management. 【Methods】 The data of emergency blood-using cases from January 2021 to June 2022 in each clinical department of our hospital were collected to observe the blood matching time, blood retrieving time, and emergency bloodusing rate. They were divided into PDCA experimental group (Experimental group, July to December 2021, n=287), pre-PDCA experimental group (Control group 1, January to June 2021, n=516) and post-PDCA experimental cessation group (Control group 2, January to June 2022, n=277). Subgroup analysis was performed according to different departments, which were Internal Medicine Department, Surgery Depatment, and ICU. The situation of non-emergency blood use occupying emergency lanes in the pre-implementation period was continuously improved using PDCA, and the differences in blood matching time, blood retrieving time, and emergency blood-using rate among the three groups were compared and analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and chi-square test. 【Results】 The blood matching time and blood retrieving time (M, min) in the experimental group, control group 1 and control group 2 were 19.00 vs 45.50 vs 23.00 and 22.00 vs 44.00 vs 25.00, respectively (P< 0.05), and were 19.00 vs 47.00 vs 24.00 and 23.00 vs 56.00 vs 30. 50 in Internal Medicine Department, 18.00 vs 57.50 vs 14.00 and 32.00 vs 41.00 vs 24.00 in Surgery Department, 20.00 vs 42.00 vs 23.00 and 16.50 vs 34.00 vs 12.50 in ICU (P<0.05). The rate of emergency blood use in the experimental group, control group 1, and control group 2 were 6.9%(287/4 141) vs 11.0%(516/4 689) vs 6.8%(277/4 089), respectively (P< 0.05), and were 6.3%(175/2 769) vs 11.8% (297/2 512) vs 6.7% (186/2 789) in Internal Medicine Department, 5.9%(24/405) vs 3.6 %(44/1 213) vs 7.4% (37/501) in Surgery Department, and 9.1% (88/967) vs 18% (175/973) vs 6.8%(54/799) in ICU (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The adoption of PDCA in Blood Transfusion Department can effectively shorten the blood matching time and blood retrieving time for clinical emergencies and improve the success rate of emergency blood transfusion.

Importance of soil amendments with biochar and/or Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi to mitigate aluminum toxicity in tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) on an acidic soil: A greenhouse study.

Tamarindus indica L. is a forest plant species widely used in semi-arid regions and has an important socio-economic role. A 90 d greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of soil amendments with biochar and/or three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) strains; Rhizophagus fasciculatus (Rf), Rhizophagus aggregatus (Ra), and Rhizophagus irregularis (Ri) on T. indica grown under aluminum stress. The amendments consisted of 5% biochar and 20 g kg-1 AMF as (i) control; (ii) biochar; (iii) biochar + Rf; (iv) biochar + Ra; (v) biochar + Ri; (vi) Rf; (vii) Ra; (viii) Ri. The treatments with biochar significantly (P < 0.05) increased soil pH and reduced the content of soil exchangeable Al3+ relative to the control and exclusive AMF treatments. All the treatments improved total nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by roots and shoot of T. indica and resulted in improved plant growth and root/shoot dry weight. The ability of biochar to enhance the soil's water-holding capacity played a key role in improving the intensity of mycorrhization. Overall, biochar amendments significantly improved the photosynthetic potential of T. indica and the activities of antioxidant enzymes compared to other treatments. Thus, the combined effects of enhanced (a) soil physicochemical parameters, (b) mycorrhization, (c) nutrient uptake, (d) photosynthetic potential, and (e) antioxidant activities played an important role in mitigating Al-related stress to improve the growth of T. indica. Therefore, the application of biochar in combination with AMFs can serve as a strategy for ensuring plant biodiversity in acid and Al-toxic soils in arid and semi-arid regions in Africa.

Etiology and treatment of secondary glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Surgical treatment of vitreoretinal diseases, including scleral buckling, vitrectomy, and vitreous cavity gas injection or oil injection,may lead to increased intraocular pressure after surgery. If not treated promptly, it may develop into secondary glaucoma and lead to permanent vision loss. The causes of secondary glaucoma after vitreoretinal surgery are complex and varied. Different treatment methods can be used according to the different causes of the patients. Early glaucoma is mainly treated with drugs or lasers, while patients with advanced glaucoma are treated with multiple surgeries. However, the failure rate of traditional trabeculectomy is high, and glaucoma drainage valve implantation can effectively reduce intraocular pressure. This article reviews the pathogenesis of high intraocular pressure after routine vitreoretinal surgery and the current research progress in treatment at home and abroad.

Effects of Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae on Formation of Blood Vessels in Induced Membrane by Masquelet Technique / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To explore the effects of flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae on the formation of blood vessels in the induced membrane by Masquelet technique. Methods Seventy-two SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups,namely model group,and high-,middle-and low-dose drug groups,18 rats in each group. Rat model of critical- sized femoral defect was built,and then polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)bone cement spacer was inserted into the bone defect to induce the formation of membrane. From the first day after surgery , the rats in high-,middle-and low-dose drug groups were given gastric gavage of 0.44,0.22,0.11 g·kg-1·d-1 of Rhizoma Drynariae flavonoids, respectively, and the rats in the model group were given the same volume of normal saline. After 6-week medication,the pathologic features of bone cement- induced membrane were observed by Haematoxilin-Eosin(HE)staining,the contents of transforming growth factor(TGF)-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)proteins in the induced membrane were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA),and the mRNA levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the induced membrane were determined by real-time reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results More blood vessels in the induced membrane of the high-dose group were found than those of the other groups under the light microscope. The protein and mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the induced membrane of the 3 drug groups were much higher than those of the model group(P < 0.05). Except for the VEGF mRNA expression level, the changes of other indexes were dose-dependent. Conclusion Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae are effective on enhancing the protein and mRNA expression levels of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the induced membrane, and can accelerate the vascularization,which promotes the reconstruction of bone defect.

Study on Oncomelania hupensis snails infected with Schistosoma japonicum miracidia under different conditions in snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis in Nantong City / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the forming cause of the Oncomelania hupensis snail-existent non-endemic areas of schistosomiasis(SENEAS),and to verify the conclusion of previous studies,so as to provide the evidence for schistosomiasis monitoring in such areas in Nantong City,Jiangsu Province. Methods The controlled field tests were carried out to observe the O. hupensis snails artificially infected by schistosome miracidia in SENEAS. The influence of the soil from SENEAS and the en-demic areas on O. hupensis snails artificially infected by miracidia were observed. Results All the experimental snails could be infected by schistosome miracidia except the smooth-shell snails from Tangyuan Village in the controlled field test environment of SENEAS or the endemic areas. The infection rates of the smooth-shell snails were lower than those of the ribbed-shell snails , but there were no statistically significant differences. The mortality rates of the smooth-shell snails were higher than those of the ribbed-shell snails,which were statistically significant (χ2Xindian = 135.118,χ2Shuangdian = 122.836,χ2Baipu =154.436,χ2Dingyan =138.288,χ2Control=151.923,all P<0.01). There were no significant differences in the infection rates of snails between each test group of the soil from SENEAS and the endemic areas(χ2Rugao=0.071,χ2Rudong=0.216,both P>0.05). Also there was no signifi-cant difference between each test group and the control group without soil(χ2=7.148,P>0.05). Conclusion It is likely to form the spread of schistosomiasis in SENEAS in Nantong City with sufficient amount of infection source of schistosomiasis im-ported. It is still necessary to implement the surveillance of schistosomiasis and O. hupensis snails in Nantong City.

Comparative study on 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in rat and human plasma protein binding and its metabolism in liver microsomes in vitro / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To study the metabolic characteristics of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in vitro and compare the differences between rats and human,and for the purpose of providing data for poison effect research and extrapolating poison effect of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile from animals to human being. METHODS: Equilibrium dialysis method was used to analyze the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the plasma of rats and humans in the groups of low dose,medium dose and high dose which were treated with mass concentration of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile at 500,5 000 and 50 000 μg / L respectively. Metabolic incubation systems of SD rat microsomes and human liver microsomes were established in vitro. When the mass concentration of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the systems was 800 μg / L,the concentration of liver microsome was 0. 5 g / L; after being incubated for 0,10,30,60 and 90 min with the involvement of the regeneration system of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate in the incubation systems,the metabolic reaction was stoped. The residual amounts of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile were analyzed and metabolic half-life of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile incubating with liver microsomes in vitro was figured out. RESULTS: Protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the groups of low dose,medium dose and high dose were( 83. 5 ± 0. 9) %,( 88. 8 ± 0. 3) % and( 88. 6 ± 0. 3) % in rats plasma,and( 85. 2 ± 0. 1) %,( 89. 0 ± 0. 1) % and( 91. 1 ± 0. 4) % in human plasma. Both in rat plasma and human plasma,the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the groups of medium dose and high dose were significantly increased than that in the low-dose group( P < 0. 01). In human plasma,the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in the high-dose group significantly increased than that in the medium-dose group( P < 0. 01). In the groups of low dose and high dose,the protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in human plasma significantly increased than that in rats plasma( P < 0. 01). Absolute differences in protein binding ratio of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile between the rat plasma and the human plasma were no more than 2. 5% in the same dose groups. Metabolic half-life of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile incubating with rats and human liver microsomes and control solution in vitro were respectively( 58. 6 ± 1. 6),( 59. 2 ± 1. 5) and( 65. 0 ± 6. 3) min,which shows no significant differences( P < 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The potein binding ratio and metabolism of 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile in liver microsomes in rat plasma is similar to those in human plasma. Both in the plasmas of rats and humans,5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile has high protein binding ratio,and 5-bromo-2-fluorobenzonitrile is not metabolized in liver microsomes of either rats or humans.

Protective effect of rosiglitazone against hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the protective effects of PPAR gamma ligand rosiglitazone (RGZ) against hyperoxia-induced lung injury in neonatal rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-six neonatal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: control (room air exposure), hyperoxia (85%-90% oxygen exposure) and RGZ treatment [85%-90% oxygen exposure plus RGZ solution injection (2 mg/kg, once daily)］. Rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 days after exposure. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate histological changes in lung tissues. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and leucocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No pathological changes were found in the control group at any time point after exposure. Alveolar epithelial cell swelling, interstitial edema and massive infiltration of inflammatory cells were found in the hyperoxia group 3 days after exposure. At 14 days after exposure, the number of pulmonary alveoli was reduced, alveolus interstitium had thickened and organizational structure had become disordered in the hyperoxia group. The RGZ treatment alleviated significantly the hyperoxia induced alterations in lung pathology. Radial alveoli count (RAC) decreased significantly in the hyperoxia group compared with the control group from 3 days through to 14 days after exposure (P<0.05). The RGZ treatment group showed significantly increased RAC compared with the hyperoxia group at 3, 7 and 14 days after exposure (P<0.05). MDA content and leucocyte count in BALF increased significantly in the hyperoxia group 3 days after exposure (P<0.05), reached a peak 7 days after exposure (P<0.01) and remained higher 14 days after exposure (P<0.05) compared with the control group. The RGZ treatment group significantly decreased MDA content and leucocyte count compared with the hyperoxia group (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Hyperoxia may cause acute and chronic pulmonary injuries in neonatal rats, characterized by acute inflammatory reactions and decreased alveolus in lungs. RGZ may have protective effects against hyperoxia induced lung injury.</p>

Value of neutrophil CD64 in the diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia in children / 中国当代儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical value of the expression of neutrophil surface CD64 in the diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-eight children with community acquired pneumonia were recruited into the study and were classified into three groups according to pathogene: bacterial pneumonia (n=48), viral pneumonia (n=29) and Mycoplasmal pneumonia (n=21). Twenty healthy children were enrolled as controls. The bacterial infection group was subdivided into mild infection (n=36) and severe infection groups (n=12). The levels of peripheral blood neutrophil CD64 were measured using flow cytometry. Dynamic changes of C-reactive protein were also detected for each patient.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The CD64 index and CRP levels in the bacterial pneumonia group were significantly higher than in the other three groups (P<0.05). The CD64 index in the severe bacterial infection group was significantly higher than in the mild group (P<0.05). After antibiotic treatment, expression of CD64 in the severe bacterial infection group decreased significantly (P<0.05). The CD64 index was positively correlated with CRP value (r=0.545, P<0.01). ROC curve analysis showed that the threshold of CD64 and CRP was 2.8 and 8 mg/L respectively. Specificity of CD64 index (90%) was much higher than CRP (74%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The determination of peripheral blood neutrophil CD64 contributes to the early diagnosis of pulmonary bacterial infection and the evaluation of anti-infection effect.</p>

Cellular immunity characteristics in drug abusers with pulmonary tuberculosis / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the characteristics of cellular immunity in drug abusers with pulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty drug abusers with pulmonary tuberculosis and 60 non-drug abusers with pulmonary tuberculosis (control) were enrolled in this study. Three days after establishment of a definite diagnosis, peripheral blood was taken from the patients for lymphocyte subgroup (CD3(+), CD3(+)/CD4(+), CD3(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocyte subgroups and NK cells) examination by flow cytometry, and the CD4(+)/CD8+(+) ratio was calculated. The difference of cellular immunity between the drug abusers and control group was analyzed statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>CD3(+) and CD3(+)/CD4(+) T lymphocytes subgroups and NK cells of the drug abusers were significantly lower than those of the control patients (P=0.037, 0.028 and 0.015), and the former patients had also significantly lower CD4(+)/CD8(+) ratio (P=0.021). The pulmonary tuberculosis types and CD3(+)/CD8(+) T lymphocyte subgroup were not significant different between the two groups (P=0.053 and 0.85).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Drug abuse might depress cellular immunity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, which further complicate the treatment of this disease.</p>

[Effect of head hypothermia on serum inflammatory cytokines levels in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage].

OBJECTIVE: To study changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HIH) and observe the potential effect of head hypothermia. METHODS: One hundred and twenty four cases of HIH were divided into head hypothermia treatment group (n=63) and control group (n=61) according to treatment with or without head hypothermia. The serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha level in the two groups were determined on the 2nd and 8th days with enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) and radioimmunoassay, and compared to those of the healthy volunteers (n=40). In addition, the life quality scores of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: The serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in both head hypothermia treatment group and control group were higher on the 2nd day after hospitalization compared with the healthy controls (all P<0.01), and there was no significant difference in serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels on the 2nd day between the head hypothermia treatment group and control group (both >0.05). Serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in the head hypothermia treatment group on the 8th day after hyperthermia were significantly lower than those on the 2nd day after hospitalization (both P<0.05), while the changes of control group was not significant (both >0.05), and significant difference in serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha was found between head hypothermia treatment group and control group on day 8 (both P<0.01). The prognosis quality of life in head hypothermia treatment group was markedly higher than the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha were increased significantly during early stage of HIH. Head hypothermia can effectively reduce the serum IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels of early HIH patients, and improve the prognosis quality of life as well.

Effect of biomineralization on collagen-calcium phosphate composition and ultrastructure in artificial bone synthesis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Study on bone tissue-engineered material is one of the most successful fields in tissue engineering, but the mechanism on synthesis of artificial bone has not been known in many aspects.OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of collagen and calcium phosphate (CP) in artificial bone synthesis.DESIGN: Single sample experiment was designed.SETTING: Material Research Room of Honghe University.MATERIALS: The experiment was performed in Material Research Room of Honghe University from July to August 2003. The materials included collagen (10 g/L acetic acid solution), calcium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate (SDP), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Tris, hydrochloric acid and deionized water (DI water).METHODS: Liquid nitrogen freezing and freeze-drying were used to prepare collagen-CP complexes A and B and the samples at different times during mineralization. UV spectrophotometer was used to determine the biomineralized dynamic curve of collagen-CP. Based on law of curve, the different times of sample collection were determined in preparation of electronic microscopic samples. According to electronic microscopic pictures and spectral data, mechanism analysis was carried on.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Morphology of collagen-CP complex and law of its structure with time changeRESULTS: ①Under agitation, collagen-CP complex A was sheaf-like or needle-like in structure manufactured with retarded neutralization. ②Under static state, with biomineralization, collagen-CP complex B was in layered structure at initial phase of mineralization, which was similar to the self-assembled structure of pure collagen and the molarratio of C, O, P and Ca was 7.26: 20: 0: 2. At the end of mineralization, the structure was strip-like in high density with a certain grains and very fine rills and the molar ratio of C, O, P and Ca was 11.02: 22.5:1.06: 2.CONCLUSION: At the early phase of biomineralization, collagen iscoordinated initially with calcium ion, calcium-carrier layered collagen template is formed with the self-assembling of collagen, and then phosphates is combined with calcium ion to manufacture calcium phosphate in the formed template. By controlling agitation and acting time, collagen complex material of reticular and spinal structure is obtained.

Effects of male sex hormones on gender identity, sexual behavior, and cognitive function / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Androgens, the male sex hormones, play an essential role in male sexual differentiation and development. However, the influence of these sex hormones extends beyond their roles in sexual differentiation and development. In many animal species, sex hormones have been shown to be essential for sexual differentiation of the brain during development and for maintaining sexually dimorphic behavior throughout life. The principals of sex determination in humans have been demonstrated to be similar to other mammals. However, the hormonal influence on sexual dimorphic differences in the nervous system in humans, sex differences in behaviors, and its correlations with those of other mammals is still an emerging field. In this review, the roles of androgens in gender and cognitive function are discussed with the emphasis on subjects with androgen action defects including complete androgen insensitivity due to androgen receptor mutations and 5alpha-reductase-2 deficiency syndromes due to 5alpha-reductase-2 gene mutations. The issue of the complex interaction of nature versus nurture is addressed.

Long-lasting antiepileptic effects of levetiracetam against epileptic seizures in the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER): differentiation of levetiracetam from conventional antiepileptic drugs.

PURPOSE: Some evidence suggests that levetiracetam (LEV) possesses antiepileptogenic characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the time course of seizure protection by LEV compared with that of phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), valproate (VPA), and carbamazepine (CBZ) in the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER). The SER is a double mutant (tm/tm, zi/zi) showing both tonic convulsions and absence-like seizures. METHODS: The effect of single (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg, i.p.) and 5-day (80 mg/kg/day, i.p.) administration of LEV on tonic convulsions and absence-like seizures in SERs were studied. Tonic convulsions induced by blowing air onto the animal's head at 5-min intervals for 30 min and spontaneous absence-like seizures characterized by 5- to 7-Hz spike-wave-like complexes in the cortical and hippocampal EEG were recorded for 30 min. In the single-administration study, observations for seizure activity were performed once before and 3 times (45, 75, and 135 min) after drug administration. In the 5-day administration study, seizure observation was performed 4 times for 30 min (once before and 3 times after drug administration) during the 5-day drug-administration period, and continued once a day until 8 days after the final administration. The antiepileptic effects of 5-day administration of conventional AEDs (PHT, PB, VPA, and CBZ) were examined by using similar methods. RESULTS: Tonic convulsions and absence-like seizures were inhibited by a single administration of LEV at 80 and 160 mg/kg, i.p., but not significantly at 40 mg/kg, i.p. When LEV was repeatedly administered at 80 mg/kg/day, i.p., for 5 days to SERs, the inhibitory effects on seizures increased with administration time. The number of tonic convulsions and absence-like seizures were significantly reduced to 39.1% and 38.4% compared with previous values, respectively, after 5-day LEV administration. Furthermore, significant inhibition of tonic convulsions was detected

Separation of antiepileptogenic and antiseizure effects of levetiracetam in the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER).

PURPOSE: The long-lasting antiseizure effects of levetiracetam (LEV) have been observed in the spontaneously epileptic rat (SER) that expresses both tonic and absence-like seizures. Furthermore, the antiepileptogenic effects of LEV in addition to antiseizure effects have been reported in the amygdala-kindling model in rats. This suggests that the long-lasting seizure protection of LEV may be at least partly due to its antiepileptogenic effects. Therefore this study aimed to differentiate the antiseizure and potential antiepileptogenic effects of LEV by administering LEV continuously to SERs before the appearance of any seizure expression. METHODS: LEV was administered to the SERs at 80 mg/kg/day (i.p.) from postnatal weeks 5 to 8. The period of observation for tonic convulsions was from postnatal week 5 to 13. Absence-like seizures were recorded by using conventional EEG in weeks 12 and 13. RESULTS: After age 7-8 weeks, SERs exhibit spontaneous tonic convulsions. Development of tonic convulsions was significantly inhibited in the LEV group, compared with the control group, by the middle of week 9. A significant reduction of tonic convulsions also was observed in the LEV group until week 13 (5 weeks after termination of the administration). In week 12, the absence-like seizures were significantly lower in the LEV group, compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a significant inhibition of seizures after prolonged treatment with LEV before the developmental expression of seizure activity in SERs. This effect is suggested to be due to an antiepileptogenic effect and not an antiseizure effect of LEV, because the half-life of the drug in plasma is short (2-3 h in rats) after single and long-term administration. Furthermore, the inhibition of seizure expression in SERs was still apparent 5 weeks after termination of LEV treatment. These results further suggest that LEV possesses not only antiseizure effects but also antiepileptogenic properties.

[Influence of beginning time of hypothermia treatment on prognosis of extensive cerebral infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of beginning time of cranial hypothermia treatment on the prognosis of extensive cerebral infarction(ECI) so as to establish the optimum time for such treatment. METHODS: Ninety-two ECI patients were divided into three groups. In group A hypothermia treatment was begun within 6 hours after cerebral infarction in 31 patients. In another 31 cases in group B it was begun in 7-10 hours, and in 30 cases in group C it was begun in 11-14 hours after the attack. The mortality rate, the volume of cerebral infarction, neurological deficiency score(NDS) and quality of life in survivors were determined respectively in three groups. RESULTS: The volume of cerebral infarction in group A and B was obviously smaller than that of group C after hypothermia treatment(P<0.01). The mortality rate was higher in group C (26.67% in group C, 3.23% in group A and 6.45% in group B, both P<0.05) The mortality rate was highest in cases with high body temperature in group C(P<0.05). NDS was significantly lower in survivors of groups A and B compared with group C (both P<0.05), groups A and B compared with group C(P<0.05). The NDS and quality of life of the survivors with high body temperature(P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Cranial hypothermia treatment should be begun with 10 hours after illness to obtain best effect.

Effects of Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang fluid on leucocytic pyrogen fever and cAMP concentration of cerebrospinal fluid in rabbits / 中国病理生理杂志

Fever model was made by intravenously injected leucocytic pyrogen(LP,EP). Chai Ge Jie Ji Tang CGJJT fluid was perfused into rabbits stomach by mouth. 65 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into four groups: (1) control group; (2) LP group; (3) CGJJT fluid group; (4) LP+ CGJJT fluid group. Effects of CGJJT fluid on LP fever and cAMP concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)were observed. The results obtained from our experiments showed that: (1) The rectal temperature of normal rabbits markedly affected by CGJJT fluid. (2) Febrile response of LP was significantly inhibited by CGJJT fluid (P

Effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfection on cytokines and cAMP production in human phagocytic cells / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM and METHOD: Human endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene was transfected into human phagocytic cell U937 and the effects of gene transfer on cytokines and cAMP production were observed. RESULTS: A functional eNOS was stably expressed in transfected U937 cells, but NO release was undetectable in intact transfectants. However, eNOS gene expression upregulated tumor necrosis factor - a release and downregulated interleukin - 10 and cAMP production in either presence or absence of NOS inhibitor N? - monomethyl - L - arginine. CONCLUSION: The function of tranfected eNOS gene product showed cellular speciality. The effector molecule that changed the produced pattern of cytokines and cAMP in phagocytic cells seems not likely the nitric oxide.

Comparison of the effect of two heat dissipating prescriptions on leucocytic pyrogen fever and cAMP concentration of cerebrospinal fluid in rabbits / 中国病理生理杂志

0.05). (2) Febrileresponse of LP was significantly inhibited by No.Ⅰ, No.Ⅱ, respectively. Concentrationof cAMP in CSF of LP group, 1 hour after injection of LP, was 140.94?51.74 pmol/ml, while that of the No.Ⅰ+ EP group was (83.48?8.11 pmol/ml) obviously lowerthan that of LP group (P

Studies on hyperthermic ceiling of cAMP and its relation to hyperthermic ceiling of pyrogen / 中国病理生理杂志

Some results obtained by others showed the limitation of cyclic 3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increase within the brain might be an important factor in endogenous pyrogen (EP) hyperthermic ceiling (HC) or endotoxin (ET) HC. The results obtained from our experiments indicated: (1) Lateral cerebro-ventricular administration of dibutyryl cAMP (Db-cAMP) induced dose-dependent fever in rabbits. But there was no further increase in body temperature when the fever reached a certain height, even if Db-cAMP doses were increased progressively, "a flat slope" appeared in the dose response curve. This is termed "cAMP HC" by the authors. (2) Level of fever cavsed by non-HC dose Db-cAMP with non-HC dose EP was markedly higher than that of non-HC dose EP or non-HC dose Db-cAMP, and was similar to the sum of action caused by non-HC dose Db-cAMP and non-HC dose EP. (3) Similar were the levels of HC caused by EP, Db-cAMP and Db-cAMP with the charge of HC dose EP. But the level of HC caused by ET or Db-cAMP HC with the charge of HC dose ET was higher than that of cAMP.The authors deduce that the cAMP may be an important central mediator in pyrogen-induced fever; the cAMP HC developed may be a result of saturation of cAMP action site within the brain or the limitation of production of other mediators induced by cAMP; the formation of EP HC or ET HC may be influenced not only by the limitation of cAMP increase, but also by the saturation of cAMP action site, within the brain; ET fever and ET HC differed greatly from those of EP; besides cAMP, other factors may be involved in the formation of ET HC.