Effect of subgingival periodontal therapy on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: Meta-analysis and meta-regression of 6-month follow-up randomized clinical trials.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis worsens the hyperglycaemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subgingival instrumentation, with or without surgical access, is the gold-standard treatment for periodontitis. The aim was to summarize the evidence on the effect of subgingival instrumentation (with or without open flap) on the reduction of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). METHODS: Nine electronic databases were searched up to 15 February 2023. Twelve randomized controlled trials with at least 6 months of follow-up were included. Studies using systemic or local-delivery antimicrobial therapies were excluded. Meta-analyses were performed using the random-effects model. The sources of heterogeneity were assessed by applying linear meta-regression. Risk of bias was assessed by RoB 2, and certainty of evidence by GRADE. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the quantitative analyses (1374 patients). Subgingival instrumentation resulted in 0.29% lower HbA1c (95% confidence interval: 0.10-0.47; p = .03) compared with non-active treatment. DISCUSSION: None of the 12 studies were assessed as having low risk of bias. The percentage of females and the time of diabetes diagnosis significantly explained the high level of heterogeneity. Subgingival periodontal therapy results in a significant and clinically relevant improvement in glycaemic control over 6 months in patients with T2DM and periodontitis. The grade of evidence was moderate.

Diphyodont tooth replacement of Brasilodon-A Late Triassic eucynodont that challenges the time of origin of mammals.

Two sets of teeth (diphyodonty) characterise extant mammals but not reptiles, as they generate many replacement sets (polyphyodonty). The transition in long-extinct species from many sets to only two has to date only been reported in Jurassic eucynodonts. Specimens of the Late Triassic brasilodontid eucynodont Brasilodon have provided anatomical and histological data from three lower jaws of different growth stages. These reveal ordered and timed replacement of deciduous by adult teeth. Therefore, this diphyodont dentition, as contemporary of the oldest known dinosaurs, shows that Brasilodon falls within a range of wide variations of typically mammalian, diphyodont dental patterns. Importantly, these three lower jaws represent distinct ontogenetic stages that reveal classic features for timed control of replacement, by the generation of only one replacement set of teeth. This data shows that the primary premolars reveal a temporal replacement pattern, importantly from directly below each tooth, by controlled regulation of tooth resorption and regeneration. The complexity of the adult prismatic enamel structure with a conspicuous intra-structural Schmelzmuster array suggests that, as in the case of extant mammals, this extinct species would have probably sustained higher metabolic rates than reptiles. Furthermore, in modern mammals, diphyodonty and prismatic enamel are inextricably linked, anatomically and physiologically, to a set of other traits including placentation, endothermy, fur, lactation and even parental care. Our analysis of the osteodental anatomy of Brasilodon pushes back the origin of diphyodonty and consequently, its related biological traits to the Norian (225.42 ± 0.37 myr), and around 25 myr after the End-Permian mass extinction event.

Analysis of GLT6D1 and CDKN2BAS gene polymorphisms in Brazilian patients with advanced periodontitis.

Gene polymorphisms can predispose to periodontal disease, as demonstrated by the well-documented association between aggressive periodontitis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) such as rs153745 in the GLT6D1 gene and rs3217992 in the CDKN2BAS gene. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of these SNPs in Brazilian patients with advanced periodontitis (stages III/IV, Grade B/C) vs. healthy controls. A total of 100 patients with periodontitis (Group BC) were enrolled. Of these, 51 patients were classified as stage III and 49 patients were classified as stage IV, and 52 were Grade B (Group B) and 48 were Grade C (Group C). The control Group consisted of 61 healthy subjects. DNA samples extracted from buccal epithelial cells were used to genotype the SNPs rs1537415 (GLT6D1) and rs3217992 (CDKN2BAS) by real-time quantitative PCR. No significant differences in polymorphism frequency were found between the control Group and each of the patient groups (BC, B, or C), and Group B did not differ from Group C. In conclusion, the evaluated SNPs had no significant influence on the prevalence of periodontal disease in the sampled Brazilian population.

Diagnostic accuracy of severe periodontitis case definitions: Comparison of the CDC/AAP, EFP/AAP, and CPI criteria.

BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of severe periodontitis by three different case definitions. METHODS: Patients aged >35 years (n = 243, mean age = 47.8 ± 9.3 years) were evaluated by periodontal examinations and classified in patients with severe periodontitis according to the case definition proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in collaboration with the American Academy of Periodontology (AAP)-CDC/AAP, the new periodontal disease classification proposed jointly by the AAP and the European Federation of Periodontology (EFP/AAP), and the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). The primary outcome was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of severe periodontitis between the three case definitions. Sensitivity (SS), specificity (SP), and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to analyze the accuracy. RESULTS: The proportion of subjects presenting the most severe definitions of each classification was: severe periodontitis (CDC/AAP) = 47.3%, type III and IV periodontitis (EFP/AAP) = 43.2% and CPI code 4 = 44.4%. When comparing the CDC/AAP case definitions with the EFP/AAP classification, SS, SP, and ROC of 81.7%, 91.4%, and 0.866 (CI, 95%: 0.816 to 0.916), respectively, were obtained. Similarly, when comparing CDC/AAP to CPI code 4, SS, SP, and ROC of 81.7%, 89.1%, and 0.854 (CI, 95%: 0.802 to 0.906), respectively, were obtained. When type III and IV periodontitis (EFP/AAP) was compared with CPI code 4, the values were 92.4%, 92%, and 0.922 (CI, 95%: 0.883 to 0.961), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The EFP/AAP classification and the CPI demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy with the CDC/AAP case definition to diagnose severe periodontitis.

Analysis of GLT6D1 and CDKN2BAS gene polymorphisms in Brazilian patients with advanced periodontitis

Abstract Gene polymorphisms can predispose to periodontal disease, as demonstrated by the well-documented association between aggressive periodontitis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) such as rs153745 in the GLT6D1 gene and rs3217992 in the CDKN2BAS gene. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of these SNPs in Brazilian patients with advanced periodontitis (stages III/IV, Grade B/C) vs. healthy controls. A total of 100 patients with periodontitis (Group BC) were enrolled. Of these, 51 patients were classified as stage III and 49 patients were classified as stage IV, and 52 were Grade B (Group B) and 48 were Grade C (Group C). The control Group consisted of 61 healthy subjects. DNA samples extracted from buccal epithelial cells were used to genotype the SNPs rs1537415 (GLT6D1) and rs3217992 (CDKN2BAS) by real-time quantitative PCR. No significant differences in polymorphism frequency were found between the control Group and each of the patient groups (BC, B, or C), and Group B did not differ from Group C. In conclusion, the evaluated SNPs had no significant influence on the prevalence of periodontal disease in the sampled Brazilian population.

What is the future of Periodontal Medicine?

In the last five decades, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and their interactions with the host. The impact of an individual periodontal condition on systemic homeostasis became more evident because of this knowledge and prompted advances in studies that associate periodontitis with systemic diseases and conditions. The term Periodontal Medicine describes how periodontal infection/inflammation can affect extraoral health. This review presents the current scientific evidence on the most investigated associations between periodontitis and systemic diseases and conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, preterm birth and low birth weight, and pneumonia. Additionally, other associations between periodontitis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and Alzheimer's disease that were recently published and are still poorly studied were described. Thus, the aim of this review was to answer the following question: What is the future of Periodontal Medicine? Epidemiological evidence and the evidence of biological plausibility between periodontitis and general health reinforce the rationale that the study of Periodontal Medicine should continue to advance, along with improvements in the epidemiological method, highlighting the statistical power of the studies, the method for data analysis, the case definition of periodontitis, and the type of periodontal therapy to be applied in intervention studies.

Anti-Inflammatory Effectiveness of Oral Dexamethasone 4 mg on Mandibular Third Molar Surgeries: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of oral dexamethasone 4 mg in a single dose preemptively administered to reduce pain, swelling, and trismus following mandibular third molar surgeries. METHODS: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was performed including 22 participants undergoing surgical removal of bilateral and symmetrically positioned third molars. A total of 44 teeth were allocated by simple randomization to either the test or nonintervention/control side. Oral dexamethasone 4 mg was administered on the test side an hour before the surgery. All of the participants were unaware of the medication studied, and only 1 surgeon, blinded to the medication intake, performed all of the procedures. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using the clinical parameters of mouth opening, swelling, and rescue analgesic medication intake to control pain. The statistical analysis was blinded to the allocation groups, and a significance value P < .05 was adopted for all the tests. RESULTS: Dexamethasone reduced the mean of rescue analgesic medication intake by 5 times (P = .002). Facial swelling was lower on the test side by 72h postsurgery in comparison with the control side (P = .036). No significant difference in mouth opening was found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Preemptive use of oral dexamethasone 4 mg proved to be effective in controlling pain and reducing the need for rescue medication and had a beneficial effect in reducing swelling during a short postoperative period.

What is the future of Periodontal Medicine?

Abstract In the last five decades, considerable progress has been made towards understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal diseases and their interactions with the host. The impact of an individual periodontal condition on systemic homeostasis became more evident because of this knowledge and prompted advances in studies that associate periodontitis with systemic diseases and conditions. The term Periodontal Medicine describes how periodontal infection/inflammation can affect extraoral health. This review presents the current scientific evidence on the most investigated associations between periodontitis and systemic diseases and conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, preterm birth and low birth weight, and pneumonia. Additionally, other associations between periodontitis and chronic inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and Alzheimer's disease that were recently published and are still poorly studied were described. Thus, the aim of this review was to answer the following question: What is the future of Periodontal Medicine? Epidemiological evidence and the evidence of biological plausibility between periodontitis and general health reinforce the rationale that the study of Periodontal Medicine should continue to advance, along with improvements in the epidemiological method, highlighting the statistical power of the studies, the method for data analysis, the case definition of periodontitis, and the type of periodontal therapy to be applied in intervention studies.

Analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes in severe periodontitis patients.

The aim of this study was to i) evaluate the prevalence of P. gingivalis and the genotypes fim A I, Ib, II, III, IV, and V in Brazilian patients with periodontitis stage III and IV, grades B and C, ii) compare periodontitis grades B and C with regard to the prevalence of P. gingivalis and fim A genotypes, and iii) correlate the presence of these pathogens with clinical periodontal variables. Two samples of subgingival biofilm were collected from the interproximal sites with the greatest clinical attachment loss (CAL) of each patient (grade B = 38; grade C = 54) and submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of P. gingivalis and fim A genotypes. The collected periodontal clinical parameters included gingival index, plaque index, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP) and CAL. P. gingivalis was present in 61.96% of the samples, but more prevalent in patients with grade C periodontitis (p = 0.048) and higher CAL (p < 0.001), PD (p < 0.001), and BoP (p = 0.01) values, and at sites with high CAL values (p = 0.01). The fim A II genotype was more prevalent in patients with greater mean PD (p = 0.04) and a higher proportion of bleeding sites (p = 0.006). Thus, in this sample of Brazilian periodontitis patients, the presence of P. gingivalis was associated with grade C periodontitis and periodontal destruction, while the fim A II genotype was associated with increased PD and BoP, supporting the notion that P. gingivalis fim A II is an important virulence factor in periodontal tissues.

Influence of abutment disconnection on peri-implant marginal bone loss: A randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the influence of abutment disconnections and reconnections on peri-implant marginal bone loss. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-four participants received single-unit implants and were randomly assigned into one of the two groups: the definitive abutment group (DEF), in which the definitive abutments were connected at the same time as the implant was inserted; and as a control, the healing abutment group (HEA), in which the healing abutments were disconnected and reconnected three times, at 8, 10, and 12 weeks after surgery. Peri-implant marginal bone level was measured through radiographic follow-up performed immediately after the surgery (baseline), at 8 weeks and after 6, 12, and 24 months. Implant stability and peri-implant health were assessed by resonance frequency analysis and peri-implant probing, respectively. RESULTS: At the end of 2 years, the mean bone level was -0.18 ± 0.12 mm for the DEF group and -0.13 ± 0.13 mm for the HEA group, resulting in a cumulative bone loss of -0.61 ± 0.10 mm and -0.81 ± 0.15 mm, respectively, with no statistical difference between groups. Bone level changes showed statistically significant differences only between 0 and 2 months (DEF: -0.70 ± 0.12 mm; HEA: -0.36 ± 0.10 mm) and between 2 and 6 months (DEF: -0.11 ± 0.11 mm; HEA: -0.65 ± 0.14 mm). No differences were observed between the groups for implant stability, probing depth, and bleeding on probing. CONCLUSION: Immediate connection of the prosthetic abutments did not reduce bone loss in comparison with three disconnections of the healing abutments.

Analysis of porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes in severe periodontitis patients

Abstract The aim of this study was to i) evaluate the prevalence of P. gingivalis and the genotypes fim A I, Ib, II, III, IV, and V in Brazilian patients with periodontitis stage III and IV, grades B and C, ii) compare periodontitis grades B and C with regard to the prevalence of P. gingivalis and fim A genotypes, and iii) correlate the presence of these pathogens with clinical periodontal variables. Two samples of subgingival biofilm were collected from the interproximal sites with the greatest clinical attachment loss (CAL) of each patient (grade B = 38; grade C = 54) and submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of P. gingivalis and fim A genotypes. The collected periodontal clinical parameters included gingival index, plaque index, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BoP) and CAL. P. gingivalis was present in 61.96% of the samples, but more prevalent in patients with grade C periodontitis (p = 0.048) and higher CAL (p < 0.001), PD (p < 0.001), and BoP (p = 0.01) values, and at sites with high CAL values (p = 0.01). The fim A II genotype was more prevalent in patients with greater mean PD (p = 0.04) and a higher proportion of bleeding sites (p = 0.006). Thus, in this sample of Brazilian periodontitis patients, the presence of P. gingivalis was associated with grade C periodontitis and periodontal destruction, while the fim A II genotype was associated with increased PD and BoP, supporting the notion that P. gingivalis fim A II is an important virulence factor in periodontal tissues.

The Effects of Annual Maintenance on Peri-implant Health in Patients Rehabilitated with Overdentures: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the effects of annual maintenance over a 7-year period on the peri-implant health of patients rehabilitated with overdentures using clinical and radiographic parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to be considered for inclusion in the study, patients had to have been rehabilitated with overdentures that had at least two implants placed in the mandible and four implants in the maxilla. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 comprised individuals who had undergone annual maintenance over the previous 7 years, and group 2 comprised those who had not attended any dental appointment over the previous 7 years. All patients were submitted to clinical peri-implant examinations and radiographic assessments. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients received 396 implants of the external hexagon type, 132 in the mandible and 264 in the maxilla. Group 1 (44 patients with 264 implants) had a mean probing depth of 2.72 mm, while group 2 (22 patients with 132 implants) had a mean probing depth of 3.10 mm. It can be concluded that the mean of the variable probing depth is influenced by the presence of bleeding (P = .0005) and the implementation of maintenance (P = .0188), whereas plaque and local variables were not otherwise significant (P = .0605 and .0796, respectively). CONCLUSION: In this study, it was possible to observe better clinical conditions in individuals who had attended annual appointments for maintenance purposes.

Accuracy of single crowns fabricated from ultrasound digital impressions.

OBJECTIVE: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate marginal and internal fit of single crowns produced from high-frequency ultrasound based digital impressions of teeth prepared with finish lines covered by porcine gingiva, in comparison with those obtained by optical scanners with uncovered finish lines. METHODS: Ten human teeth were prepared and forty zirconia crowns were fabricated from STL-datasets obtained from four dental scanners (n=10): extraoral CS2 (Straumann), intraoral Lava COS (3M), intraoral Trios (3Shape) and extraoral ultrasound scanner. The accuracy of the crowns was compared evaluating marginal and internal fit by means of the replica technique with measurements in four areas; P1: occlusal surface; P2: transition between occlusal and axial surfaces; P3: middle of axial wall; and P4: marginal gap. Restoration margins were classified according to their mismatch as regular, underextended or overextended. Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate the differences between groups at p<0.05. RESULTS: The median value of marginal gap (P4) for Ultrasound (113.87µm) differed statistically from that of CS2 (39.74µm), Lava COS (41.98µm) and Trios (42.07µm). There were no statistical differences between ultrasound and Lava COS for internal misfit (P1-P3), however there were statistical differences when compared with the other two scanners (Trios and CS2) at P1 and P2. SIGNIFICANCE: The ultrasound scanner was able to make digital impressions of prepared teeth through porcine gingiva (P4), however with less accuracy of fit than that of conventional optical scanners without coverage of the finish lines. Where no gingiva was available (P1-P3), the ultrasound accuracy of fit was similar to that of at least one optical scanner (Lava COS).

Periodontitis, edentulism and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the glycemic control in non-smoking patients with type 2 diabetes according to their periodontal and dental status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study investigated patients previously diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and under antidiabetic medication. Clinical data and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were collected from medical and dental records. Patients were divided into three groups according to dental and periodontal diagnosis: no or mild periodontitis (NO/MILD, n=96), moderate or severe periodontitis (MOD/SEV, n=74) and edentulous (n=141). FBG levels were compared between groups. Logistic regression was also applied to estimate the OR of presenting hyperglycemia. RESULTS: Edentulous patients had significantly higher FBG levels of 155.7±70.9 (mean±SD mg/dL) than those in the MOD/SEV (136.6±33.8) and the NO/MILD (123.1±36.7) groups. Differences between the latter two groups were also significant. Edentulous patients had adjusted ORs of 4.53, 4.27 and 3.95 of having FBG≥126, ≥150 and ≥180 mg/dL, respectively, in comparison with NO/MILD group. The MOD/SEV group also presented significant odds of having FBG≥126 mg/dL (OR=2.66) and ≥150 mg/dL (OR=2.45) than the NO/MILD group. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the MOD/SEV group had worse glycemic control than the ones in the NO/MILD group. However, edentulous patients presented higher glycemic levels than both dentate groups, and also presented with higher odds of having hyperglycemia.

Aggressive periodontitis presents a higher degree of bilateral symmetry in comparison with chronic periodontitis.

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the occurrence of bilateral symmetry in the distribution of clinical parameters in subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) and severe chronic periodontitis (SCP). The sample comprised 53 subjects with GAP and 33 with SCP. Probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were recorded from both buccal and lingual interproximal sites of incisors and molars. The symmetry of periodontal destruction was analyzed in terms of intraclass coefficient correlations (ICC) for pairs of contralateral sites at which PD and/or CAL was ≥5 mm at one of the sites of the subjects in each group. GAP patients had a higher proportion of both PD and CAL ≥ 5 mm and also a higher mean proportion of subjects having PD and/or CAL ≥ 5 mm at one or both sites. The GAP group had 20 pairs of contralateral sites with PD (ICC = 0.22-0.63) and 26 pairs with CAL (ICC = 0.20-0.63), the correlation being statistically significant, while the SCP group had only 2 pairs (ICC = 0.36-0.48) with PD and 5 pairs with CAL (ICC = 0.33-0.58) showing a significant correlation. It can be concluded that GAP shows more symmetric periodontal destruction than SCP.

Intrapocket topical anesthetic versus injected anesthetic for pain control during scaling and root planing in adult patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the authors evaluated the pain during scaling and root planing with use of topical anesthetic versus that with the use of injected anesthetic in adult patients. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED: The authors searched 6 databases for randomized clinical trials in which the investigators compared the clinical effectiveness of intrapocket and injectable anesthetics. The primary outcome was the risk of developing pain or intensity of pain. Quality assessment followed the guidelines from the Cochrane Collaboration's risk-of-bias tool. The authors performed meta-analyses on studies considered at low and unclear risk of bias. RESULTS: From 976 articles identified, 6 remained in the qualitative synthesis (4 at low and 2 at unclear risk of bias). Injected anesthetic produced lower pain intensity than did anesthetic gel (P = .03) and required less rescue anesthetic than did topical anesthetic (P < .0001). There was no difference in patient preference (P = .09). CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Injected anesthetic decreased the intensity of pain and the need for rescue anesthetic during scaling and root planing, but the risk of developing pain yielded similar results for injected and topical anesthetics.

Influence of Periodontal Disease on Changes of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence is available regarding the effects of long-term periodontal infection on diabetes mellitus (DM) control. The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to evaluate influence of periodontal status on changes of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of patients with type 2 DM (DMt2). METHODS: Eighty patients (mean age: 56.0 ± 8.9 years) with DMt2 were included. Patients were non-smokers, aged ≥40 years, and using antidiabetic drugs. Demographics, health history, and HbA1c levels were retrieved from medical charts. Probing depth and clinical attachment loss (AL) were recorded. RESULTS: Patients were examined at two time points within a mean interval of 38.6 ± 6.6 months. Increase in HbA1c over time was statistically significant when severe periodontitis was diagnosed at baseline (2.32%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50% to 3.15%), in patients showing at least one tooth with ≥2 mm of AL progression (2.24%, 95% CI: 1.56% to 2.91%), in males (2.75%, 95% CI: 1.72% to 3.78%), and in those with HbA1c <6.5% at baseline (3.08%, 95% CI: 2.47% to 3.69%). After adjusting for baseline HbA1c, significant changes were still observed for severe periodontitis and progression of AL with increases of 0.85% and 0.9%, respectively. After adjusting for sex and HbA1c, AL progression was also statistically significant, with increases of 0.84%. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontitis progression was associated with increase in HbA1c in patients with DMt2. Identification of these risk factors suggests that periodontal treatment may improve glycemic control of patients with DMt2 by eliminating periodontal infection.

Clinical efficacy of a 1% Matricaria chamomile L. mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine for gingivitis control in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

This pilot study evaluated the clinical efficacy of a mouthwash containing 1% Matricaria chamomilla L. (MTC) extract in reducing gingival inflammation and plaque formation in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolled a total of 30 males and females (age, 10-40 years) with fixed orthodontic appliances and a minimum of 20 natural teeth. The participants were allocated to three groups (n = 10 each) and asked to rinse with 15 mL of a placebo, 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX), or 1% MTC mouthwash, immediately after brushing for 1 min, in the morning and evening, for 15 days. Data (mean ± SD) on visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) were recorded on days 1 and 15. The placebo group exhibited increases in VPI and GBI (10.2% and 23.1%, respectively) from day 1 to day 15. As compared with placebo, VPI and GBI significantly decreased in the MTC group (-25.6% and -29.9%, respectively) and the CHX group (-39.9% and -32.0%, respectively). In summary, MTC reduced biofilm accumulation and gingival bleeding in patients with gingivitis, probably because of its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities.(J Oral Sci 58, 569-574, 2016).

Analysis of polymorphisms in Interleukin 10, NOS2A, and ESR2 genes in chronic and aggressive periodontitis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL10, NOS2A, and ESR2 genes and chronic periodontitis (CP) and aggressive periodontitis (AgP). Three groups of patients underwent periodontal and radiographic evaluations: CP (n = 61), AgP (n = 50), and periodontally healthy (control group=61). Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells and used for genotyping by real-time polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan® probes. The investigated SNPs were: -1087G > A, -819C > T and -592C > A in the IL10; +2087G > A in the NOS2A, and +1730G > A in the ESR2 gene. Differences in genotype and allele frequencies of each polymorphism and some individual characteristics were analyzed using the chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Analysis of SNPs and haplotypes in the IL10 and SNP in the ESR2 gene did not present any significant association with AgP or CP. The +2087G allele of the NOS2A gene tended to be significantly associated with periodontal disease. Patients carrying the genotype +2087GG in the NOS2A gene were genetically protected against the development of CP (p = 0.05; OR = 0.44; 95%CI = 0.20-0.95). This result showed greater significance when patients with AgP and CP were combined (total PD) (p = 0.03; OR = 0.46; 95%CI = 0.23-0.92). In conclusion, the studied Brazilian population had a significantly higher frequency of the GG genotype for the +2087 SNP in the NOS2A gene in individuals without periodontitis, although statistical significance was not maintained after multiple logistic regression.

Prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA II genotype in generalized aggressive periodontitis patients

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and its filmA II genotype in a sample of Brazilian patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and to correlate the presence of each pathogen/genotype eith clinical parameters. Methods: We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to evaluate the presence of Pg and filmA II genotype in subgingival plaque samples collected from the deepest site of 45 Brazilian patients aged 15-40 years with GAgP and correlated findings with age and clinical parameters (plaque index, gingival bleeding index, probing depth and clinical attachment loss). Results: Pg was identified in 64.4% patients. FilmA II genotype was present in 82.6% of Pg-positive patients. The presence of Pg and filmA II genotype was significantly associated with greater clinical attachment loss at the sampled periodontal site. Pg-positive patients were slightly older than Pg-negative patients. Conclusions: Pg and filmA II genotype were highly prevalente in Brazilian patients with GAgP. Pg was more commonly observed in slightly older individuals and in sites with more clinical attachment loss. (AU)