Probe based manipulation and assembly of nanowires into organized mesostructures.

A convenient approach to patterning inorganic and organic nanowires using a novel probe manipulator is presented. The system utilizes an electrochemically etched tungsten wire probe mounted onto a 3D actuator that is directed by a 3D controller. When it is engaged by the user, the movement of the probe and the forces experienced by the tip are simultaneously reported in real time. Platinum nanowires are manipulated into organized mesostructures on silicon chip substrates. In particular, individual nanowires are systematically removed from aggregates, transferred to a chosen location, and manipulated into complex structures in which selected wires occupy specific positions with defined orientations. Rapid prototyping of complex mesostructures, by pushing, rotating and bending conjugated polymer, i.e., polyfluorene, nanowires into various configurations, is also achieved. By exploiting the strong internal axial alignment of polymer chains within the polyfluorene nanowires, mesostructures tailored to exhibit distinctly anisotropic optical properties, such as birefringence and photoluminescence dichroism, are successfully assembled on fused silica substrates.

Comparison of actual psoriasis surface area and the psoriasis area and severity index by the human eye and machine vision methods in following the treatment of psoriasis.

The lack of a quantitative method for assessing psoriasis severity poses a problem for quality control in dermatology. Quantitative estimation of involved surface area is important, as in the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), but the reliability of many methods is poor. The purpose of this study was to assess the involved surface area of 15 psoriasis patients before and after different anti-psoriasis treatments using the human eye method and a computer image analysis (CIA) system based on colour segmentation. The human eye assessments were compared with the results of the CIA system and the resulting effects on the PASI score were also compared. The human eye estimates were higher than those obtained by the CIA method and, as a consequence, the values of the PASI by the human eye method were also higher than those by CIA. The human eye estimates differed most in cases where the PASI was under 15. The changes in the PASI by the human eye method before and after treatments differed significantly from those by CIA. The CIA system offers a possibility to quantify actual surface in patients with psoriasis, and will be an alternative for developing quality control when evaluating different treatment efficacies.

Application of machine vision to assess involved surface in patients with psoriasis.

An objective method is still lacking in the quantitative assessment of psoriasis severity. The purpose of this study was to examine whether computer image analysis (CIA) by a new colour segmentation method can be used as an objective method of estimating involved surface area in patients with psoriasis. Involved surface area in psoriasis was assessed from colour photographs covering the same areas as the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) scores of 26 patients by human observers from different medical professional groups and by CIA. The reliability of CIA was tested with reference analysis by colouring manually the involved areas in the images with the aid of projected slides. The surface area estimates by the different methods were compared with each other and the resulting effects on the PASI score were assessed. The agreement between the reference analysis and the image analysis was high, especially on trunk areas, but the cylindrical shape of the limbs resulted in some difficulties in assessing involved skin area. The human eye estimates differed from the image analysis ones in almost one-third of the cases and mostly when psoriasis affected under 30% of the skin surface area. Both over- and underestimates emerged, but overestimates were more common. Error estimates had a significant effect on the PASI score. The CIA method seems to be reliable and practicable in estimating the actual surface of psoriasis. The method has the disadvantage of being time-consuming (photographing, processing of pictures) and technically demanding. Further development of this method should make it faster in the future.