Case report: Blood pressure variation during cardiopulmonary bypass in a patient with multiple sclerosis.

Introduction and importance: Multiple sclerosis is known to be associated with both sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation. Thus, patients with multiple sclerosis comorbidity represent a potentially challenging patient population in cardiac surgery, especially in on-pump operations. Despite this, very little is known about the hemodynamics during cardiopulmonary bypass and the optimal perfusion strategy for patients with multiple sclerosis undergoing cardiac operations. Case presentation: In this report, the authors describe a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, who underwent successful triple valve operation for aortic and mitral stenosis and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Distinct blood pressure variations in form of temporary pressure dips were noted during total cardiopulmonary bypass time as well as during the reperfusion period. Clinical discussion: Pressure variations were not attributable to surgical, pharmacological or perfusion-related manoeuvres. Thus, they most likely represent symptoms of cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation manifesting during cardiopulmonary bypass. In this patient, blood pressure variations terminated spontaneously and remained within an acceptable range without external correction. Conclusions: When treating patients with multiple sclerosis comorbidity, the potential pressure variability due to cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation should be taken into consideration to avoid increased blood pressure volatility due to overcorrection or undercorrection during cardiopulmonary bypass.

Determinants of survival in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy due to severe covid-19.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is associated with high mortality. Although survival on mechanical circulatory support has improved, determinants for better prognosis are still unclear. Here, we report on the outcome of our patient population with the need for mechanical circulatory support due to severe COVID-19 (sCOVID-19) induced ARDS. METHODS: All patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe ARDS due to sCOVID-19 were analysed. Patients > 18 years of age at the time of initiation of ECMO were included. Pre-existing comorbidities, complications during ECMO implantation, and ECMO runtime were reviewed. The latency to intubation, proning, tracheotomy, and ECMO implantation was analysed. Furthermore, the survival and non-survival population were compared to determine factors in favour of a better outcome. RESULTS: In total, 85 patients were treated with veno-venous membrane oxygenation (vv-ECMO) for severe ARDS in our medical centre. The patient population was predominantly male (83.5%) with a mean patient age of 54.9 years. A history of cardiovascular disease (p = .01), smoking (p < .05), need for vasopressor- (p < .05), and renal replacement therapy (p < .001) was associated with a worse prognosis. Overall survival was 50%. The survival population was significantly younger (p = .004), had a significantly higher body weight (p = .02) and body mass index (BMI) (p = .01). Furthermore, survival was significantly better when vv-ECMO was initiated within 48 h after admission (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-existing cardiovascular disease, higher age, history of nicotine abuse, and development of renal failure are associated with poor outcome. Early start of vv-ECMO therapy may lead to better survival in sCOVID-19 patients, although complications during ECMO therapy are associated with a worse prognosis.

ECLS supported transport of ICU patients: does out-of -house implantation impact survival?

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an established tool to stabilize severely ill patients with therapy-refractory hemodynamic or respiratory failure. Recently, we established a mobile ECLS retrieval service at our institution. However, data on the outcome of patients receiving ECLS at outside hospitals for transportation into tertiary hospitals is still sparse. METHODS: We have analyzed all patients receiving ECLS in outside hospitals (Transport group, TG) prior to transportation to our institution and compared the outcome to our in-house ECLS experience (Home Group, HG). RESULTS: Between 2012 and 2018, we performed 978 ECLS implantations, 243 of which were performed on-site in tertiary hospitals for ECLS supported transportation. Significantly more veno-venous systems were implanted in TG (n = 129 (53%) vs. n = 327 (45%), p = 0.012). Indication for ECLS support differed between the groups, with more pneumonia; acute respiratory distress syndromes in the TG group and of course, more postcardiotomy patients in HG. Mean age was 47 (± 20) (HG) vs. 48 (± 18) (TG) years, p = 0.477 with no change over time. No differences were seen in ECLS support time (8.03 days ±8.19 days HG vs 7.81 days ±6.71 days TG, p = 0.675). 30-day mortality (n = 379 (52%) (HG) vs. n = 119 (49%) (TG) p = 0.265) and death on ECLS support (n = 322 (44%) (HG) vs. n = 97 (40%) TG, p = 0.162) were comparable between the two groups, despite a more severe SAVE score in the v-a TG (HG: - 1.56 (± 4.73) vs. TG -3.93 (± 4.22) p < 0.001). Mortality rates did not change significantly over the years. Multivariate risk analysis revealed Influenza, Peak Insp. Pressure at implantation, pO2/FiO2 ratio and ECLS Score (SAVE/RESP) as well as ECLS support time to be independent risk factors for mortality. CONCLUSION: Mobile ECLS support is a tremendous challenge. However, it is justified to offer 24 h/7d ECLS standby for secondary and primary hospitals as a tertiary hospital. Increasing indications and total numbers for ECLS support raise the need for further studies to evaluate outcome in these patients.

Periprocedural safety and outcome after pump implantation for intravenous treprostinil administration in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.

METHODS: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed all patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension undergoing LenusPro® pump implantation between November 2013 and October 2019 at our center. Periprocedural safety was assessed by describing all complications that occurred within 28 days after surgery; complications that occurred later were described to assess long-term safety. Clinical outcomes were measured by comparison of clinical parameters and echocardiographic measurements of right ventricular function from baseline to 6-months-follow-up. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients underwent LenusPro® pump implantation for intravenous treprostinil treatment during the investigation period. Periprocedural complications occurred in 5 patients; the only anesthesia-related complication (right heart failure with recovery after prolonged intensive care and death in the further course) occurred in the only patient who underwent general anesthesia. All other patients underwent local anesthesia with or without short-acting (analgo-) sedation. Eighteen long-term complications occurred in 15 patients, most notably pump pocket or catheter related problems. Transplant-free survival rates at 1, 2, and 3 years were 77 %, 56 %, and 48 %, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous pump implantation under local anesthesia and conscious analgosedation while avoiding intubation and mechanical ventilation is feasible in patients with advanced PAH. Controlled studies are needed to determine the safest anesthetic approach for this procedure. BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Intravenous treprostinil treatment via a fully implantable pump is a treatment option for patients with advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension. However, there is no consensus on the preferred anesthetic approach for the implantation procedure. Primary objective was to assess periprocedural safety with particular attention to feasibility of local anesthesia and conscious analgosedation instead of general anesthesia. Long-term safety and clinical outcomes were secondary endpoints.

Early surgical myocardial revascularization in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

BACKGROUND: In non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) there is no consensus regarding optimal time point for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Recent findings suggest that long-term outcomes are improved in early-revascularized NSTEMI patients. However, it has been stated that early surgery is associated to increased operative risk. In this study, we wanted to elucidate if early CABG in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome can be performed safely. METHODS: We performed a monocentric-prospective observational study within a 2-year interval. A total of 217 consecutive patients (41 female, age 68.9±10.2, ES II 6.62±8.56) developed NSTEMI and underwent CABG. Patients were divided into two groups according to the time point of coronary artery bypass after symptom onset (group A: <72 h; group B: >72 h). Endpoints included 6-month mortality and incidence of MACE (death, stroke or re-infarction). RESULTS: There were no differences regarding mortality between both groups (30 days: group A 2.4% vs. group B 3.7%; P=0.592; 6 months: 8.4% vs. 6.0%; P=0.487). Incidence of MACE in the 6-month follow-up was also similar in both groups (group A: 9.6% vs. 9.7%, P=0.982). Regression analysis revealed as independent risk factors for mortality in the entire cohort ES II OR 1.045 (95% CI: 1.004-1.088). ES II remained an independent prognostic factor in group A OR 1.043 (95% CI: 1.003-1.086) and group B OR 1.032 (95% CI: 1.001-1.063). CONCLUSIONS: Early revascularized patients showed a higher level of illness. However, results of early CABG were comparable to those following delayed revascularization. Moreover, EuroSCORE II was determined as independent risk factors for mortality.

Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery in Re-Do Cases-The New Standard Procedure?

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) is superior to "classical" mitral valve surgery via a sternotomy regarding wound healing and postoperative pain. It is however a more challenging procedure. Patients' preference is leading clearly toward minimally invasive approaches, and surgeons are driven by upcoming new technologies in interventional procedures such as the MitraClip. Especially in re-do cases, the access via right mini-thoracotomy, as previously non-operated situs, is a possible advantage over a re-sternotomy. We therefore retrospectively analyzed our result regarding MIMVS in re-do cases at our institute. METHODS: From January 2011 and June 2016, 33 operations were MIMVS re-do procedures. Mean age was 60 years (±16 years), and 51% were male. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent were elective cases, 29% were urgent cases, and 9% were emergency operations. Operation times, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) times, and clamp times were 235 minutes (±51 min), 149 minutes (±42 min), and 62 minutes (±45min), respectively. Mitral valve repair and replacement was performed in 24% (n = 8) and 76% (n = 25), respectively. Overall in-hospital mortality, apoplexy, and re-operation rates (all for bleeding) were 0% (n = 0), 3% (n = 1), and 9% (n = 3). New onset of dialysis was required in two (6%) patients. Two (6%) patients developed superficial wound infection. Overall intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay was 3 days (±4 days) and 15 days (±7 days), respectively. CONCLUSION: MIMVS for re-do cases can be performed with minimal mortality and morbidity and therefore represents a safe alternative to conventional mitral valve surgery in cardiac re-do operations. However, postoperative morbidity is highly dependent on preoperative patient status.

Comparison of the most favoured methods for the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in liver transplantation candidates.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of liver insufficiency. While there is widespread acceptance of its importance, there is no consensus on how best to diagnose and monitor HE. OBJECTIVE: To compare the four most favoured methods for the diagnosis of HE. DESIGN: 170 patients who were on the waiting list for liver transplantation as well as 86 healthy controls were included in the study. All patients and controls underwent the portosystemic encephalopathy syndrome test yielding the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES), the repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS), the inhibitory control test (ICT) and critical flicker frequency (CFF) measurement. RESULTS: PHES and ICT targets had the best sensitivity (85.7% vs 85.7%) and specificity (96.5% vs 97.6%) for the diagnosis of overt HE. CFF showed inferior sensitivity (40.9%) for the diagnosis of HE and dependency from previous alcohol abuse (p=0.015). Multiple regression analysis showed that all test results apart from PHES were influenced by secondary diagnoses such as diabetes mellitus and renal insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS: In the German population of patients awaiting liver transplantation, PHES is the most robust method for the diagnosis and follow-up of HE.

Cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism: prevalence, mechanisms and response to treatments.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Extrapyramidal and cerebellar symptoms belong to the most prominent features of episodic hepatic encephalopathy, and usually decrease upon ammonia-lowering therapy. Rapidly progressing parkinsonian symptoms, which are unresponsive to treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, indicate cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism. This study aims at analyzing the prevalence of cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism in patients with liver cirrhosis, and to study the functional status of the striatal dopaminergic system in these patients. METHODS: 214 patients with liver cirrhosis who were consecutively seen at the out-patient clinic for liver transplant candidates and/or at the transplantation wards at Hannover Medical School, between August 1, 2008 and March 31, 2011, underwent a standardized neurological examination while on the waiting list or immediately after liver transplantation. Single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) using (123)I-beta-CIT, for the evaluation of the striatal dopamine transporter function, and (123)I-IBZM for the evaluation of the striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability, was performed in 6 patients with cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism. RESULTS: Cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism was diagnosed in 9 of 214 patients (4.2%). SPECT revealed significantly decreased dopamine receptor availability in 5 of 6 patients studied, and significantly decreased dopamine transporter availability in 3. Levodopa improved motor dysfunction in two of four patients treated, although only temporarily. Incomplete recovery was observed in two patients after liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism is more frequent than presumed. The presented data suggest pre- and postsynaptic alteration of striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission as a possible cause of cirrhosis-related Parkinsonism and reveal the limited effects of dopaminergic therapy.