Percutaneous nephrostomy catheter-related infections in patients with gynaecological cancers: a multidisciplinary algorithmic approach.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous nephrostomy catheters (PCNs) are commonly utilized in patients with gynaecological cancers due to intrinsic or extrinsic urinary obstruction. Unfortunately, these foreign medical devices may be associated with several infectious complications, including: pyelonephritis, renal abscess, and bacteraemia, which may lead to further delay of life-saving cancer therapy. AIM: To evaluate the performance of our multidisciplinary algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of PCN-related infections (PCNIs) and identify risk factors for recurrent urinary device-related infections. METHODS: Patients with gynaecological cancers having PCNIs were prospectively evaluated at our institution from July 2019 to September 2021. All patients were managed by our standardized algorithm and followed-up until reinfection or routine PCN exchange. FINDINGS: Of 100 consecutive patients with PCNIs, 74 had adequate follow-up, and were analysed in three groups according to clinical outcome: reinfection with the same organism (26%), reinfection with a different organism (23%), and no reinfection (51%). Their median age was 54 years, and the most common cancers were cervical (65%), and ovarian (19%) with 53% being metastatic. The most frequently recovered micro-organisms were Pseudomonas (32%), Enterococcus (27%), and Escherichia (24%) species. The main risk factors for recurrent PCNI with the same organism were pelvic radiation therapy (P=0.032), pelvic fistulas (P=0.014), and a PCNI with the same pathogen within the previous year (P = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS: Our algorithm has allowed for accurate diagnosis, staging, and treatment of and identification of several key risk factors for recurrent PCNIs. These results may lead to further preventive measures for these infections.

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: comparative analysis in cancer patients with underlying haematologic malignancies versus solid tumours.

BACKGROUND: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is commonly associated with haematologic malignancies but also occurs with solid tumours. AIM: To compare the diagnostic approaches and therapeutic outcomes for IPA between patients with haematologic malignancies and solid cancers. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted evaluating consecutive cases of proven and probable IPA from 2004 to 2016. Patients >18 years of age with an underlying solid tumour, haematologic malignancy, or haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) within one year of IPA diagnosis were included. FINDINGS: Of the 311 patients analysed, 225 had haematologic malignancies and 86 had solid tumours. Patients with solid tumours were more likely to have had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other pulmonary diseases, have Aspergillus fumigatus infections, and have received radiotherapy before IPA occurrence than were those with haematologic malignancies (all P<0.01). Antifungal monotherapy and voriconazole-based therapy were more often prescribed in the solid group (87% vs 56%, P<0.0001, and 77% vs 53%, P=0.0002, respectively). The median duration of primary antifungal therapy was longer in the solid group (64 days vs 20 days, P<0.0001). Complete or partial response to antifungal therapy was recorded in 66% of the solid group and 40% of the haematologic group (P=0.0001). At 12 weeks, overall mortality was similar in both groups, but IPA-attributable mortality was higher in the haematologic group (30% vs 18%, P=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Monotherapy was more often prescribed in patients with solid tumours than in patients with haematologic malignancies. Patients with solid tumours had better antifungal therapy response and lower 12-week IPA-attributable mortality than did those with haematologic malignancies.

Glyceryl trinitrate and caprylic acid for the mitigation of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris biofilm on C1018 carbon steel.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC), also known as biocorrosion, is caused by corrosive biofilms. MIC is a growing problem, especially in the oil and gas industry. Among various corrosive microbes, sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are often the leading culprit. Biofilm mitigation is the key to MIC mitigation. Biocide applications against biofilms promote resistance over time. Thus, it is imperative to develop new biodegradable and cost-effective biocides for large-scale field applications. Using the corrosive Desulfovibrio vulgaris (an SRB) biofilm as a model biofilm, this work demonstrated that a cocktail of glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and caprylic acid (CA) was very effective for biofilm prevention and mitigation of established biofilms on C1018 carbon steel coupons. The most probable number sessile cell count data and confocal laser scanning microscope biofilm images proved that the biocide cocktail of 25 ppm (w/w) GTN + 0.1% (w/w) CA successfully prevented the D. vulgaris biofilm establishment on C1018 carbon steel coupons while 100 ppm GTN + 0.1% CA effectively mitigated pre-established D. vulgaris biofilms on C1018 carbon steel coupons. In both cases, the cocktails were able to reduce the sessile cell count from 10(6) cells/cm(2) to an undetectable level.

Granulocyte transfusions in hematologic malignancy patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: outcomes and complications.

BACKGROUND: Granulocyte transfusions (GTXs) have been used successfully as an adjunctive treatment option for invasive infections in some neutropenic patients with underlying hematologic malignancy (HM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We sought to determine the impact of GTX as an adjunct to antifungal therapy in 128 patients with HM and prolonged neutropenia (≥14 days) with a proven or probable invasive aspergillosis (IA) infection by retrospectively reviewing our institutional database. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients received GTX and 75 did not. By univariate analysis, patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis who received GTX were less likely to respond to antifungal therapy (P = 0.03), and more likely to die of IA (P = 0.009) when compared with the non-GTX group. Among patients who received GTX, 53% developed a pulmonary reaction. Furthermore, IA-related death was associated with the number of GTX given (P = 0.018) and the early initiation of GTX within 7 days after starting antifungal therapy (P = 0.001). By multivariate competing risk analysis, patients who received GTX were more likely to die of IA than patients who did not receive GTX (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that GTX does not improve response to antifungal therapy and is associated with worse outcomes of IA infection in HM patients, particularly those with pulmonary involvement.

Efficacy of caspofungin as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis compared to standard therapy in a historical cohort.

In a non-comparative study, caspofungin was effective salvage therapy for approximately half of the patients refractory to or intolerant of standard antifungal agents for invasive aspergillosis. To establish a frame of reference for these results, we compared the response to caspofungin with responses to other antifungal agents in a historical cohort of similar patients. The efficacy could be evaluated in 83 patients who received caspofungin 50 mg daily after a 70-mg loading dose. The historical control group, identified through a retrospective review of medical records, included 214 evaluable patients possibly refractory to or intolerant of ≥1 week of standard antifungal therapy. All patients had documented invasive aspergillosis. Favorable response was defined as a complete or partial response to therapy. Underlying diseases, baseline neutropenia, corticosteroid use, and sites of infection were similar in both studies. Most patients had received amphotericin B formulations and/or itraconazole, and were refractory to standard therapy. Favorable response rates were 45% with caspofungin and 16% with standard therapy. The unadjusted odds ratio for a favorable response (caspofungin/standard therapy) was 4.1 (95% confidence interval: 2.2, 7.5). After adjusting for potential imbalances in the frequency of disseminated infection, neutropenia, steroid use, and bone marrow transplantation between groups, the odds ratio remained at 4.1 (2.1, 7.9). Although only tentative conclusions about relative efficacy can be drawn from retrospective comparisons, caspofungin appeared to be at least as efficacious as an amphotericin B formulation and/or itraconazole for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of their initial antifungal therapy.

The efficacy of catheters coated with minocycline and rifampin in the prevention of catheter-related bacteremia in cancer patients receiving high-dose interleukin-2.

High-dose interleukin-2 (HDIL-2) has proven to be an effective treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma and melanoma. Previous studies have shown an increase in catheter-related bacteremia (CRB) in patients on HDIL-2. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of minocycline and rifampin-coated catheters (M/R-C) in reducing CRB in cancer patients on HDIL-2. This was a retrospective study where non-coated catheters (NC-C) and M/R-C were used for the administration of HDIL-2 before and after December 2004, respectively. Data collected included demographics, cancer type, catheter type, antibiotic prophylaxis, and infection rates. A total of 107 episodes of catheter use for HDIL-2 were evaluated in 78 patients (30 episodes in patients with M/R-C vs. 77 with NC-C). A total of nine episodes of CRB were identified, all in patients with NC-C (M/R-C 0% vs. NC-C 12%; p=0.06). The median time to bacteremia was 11 days (range 1-315 days). A log-rank test showed a trend that the M/R-C group had lower probability of getting CRB than the NC-C group (p=0.06). The use of M/R-C in patients on HDIL-2 therapy for advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma may have reduced the risk of CRB to nil. CRB still occurred despite antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with NC-C.

Severe parainfluenza virus type 2 supraglottitis in an immunocompetent adult host: an unusual cause of a paramyxoviridae viral infection.

Parainfluenza virus is a major cause of respiratory illness in humans, manifesting from mild upper respiratory tract infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in children. We report - to our knowledge - the first case of a nonimmunocompromised adult patient with human parainfluenza type 2 supraglottitis immediately after returning from China.

Inhaled aminoglycosides in cancer patients with ventilator-associated Gram-negative bacterial pneumonia: safety and feasibility in the era of escalating drug resistance.

We sought to evaluate the safety and feasibility of inhaled aminoglycosides or colistin in cancer patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to Gram-negative bacteria (GNB). A retrospective case-matched study was obtained after obtaining IRB approval in patients at the intensive care unit at our NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center between 1999 and 2005. Sixteen patients with GNB-VAP who received inhaled aminoglycosides or colistin were compared with 16 patients who had received these antibiotics intravenously alone. Eligible patients were required to have received at least six doses of inhaled therapy, or 3 or more days of intravenous therapy. Clinical Pulmonary Infection Scores were used to assess pneumonia severity. Standard ATS criteria were used to define VAP. Patients treated with inhaled antibiotics were less likely to have received corticosteroids (13% vs 50%; P < 0.02) and had a higher median baseline creatinine level (0.85 vs 0.6 mg/dL; P < 0.02) than patients treated intravenously. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (69%) was the most common cause of VAP. There were no serious adverse events associated with inhaled antibiotics. Patients who received these antibiotics intravenously developed renal dysfunction (31%); none of the patients treated with inhaled antibiotics developed nephrotoxicity (P < or = 0.04). Patients treated with inhaled antibiotics were more likely to have complete resolution of clinical (81% vs 31% in the intravenous antibiotic group; P < 0.01) and microbiologic infection (77% vs 8% in the intravenous antibiotic group: P < 0.0006). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for corticosteroid use, inhaled antibiotic therapy was predictive of complete clinical resolution (odds ratio [OR], 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1, 37.6; P < 0.04) and eradication of causative organisms (OR 36.7; 95% CI, 3.3, 412.2; P < 0.003). In critically ill cancer patients with Gram-negative VAP, inhaled aminoglycosides were tolerated without serious toxicity and may lead to improved outcome.

Fatal cytomegalovirus pneumonia in patients with haematological malignancies: an autopsy-based case-control study.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia is a life-threatening infection in patients with haematological malignancies (HMs) or in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. To assess the incidence and risk factors for developing fatal CMV pneumonia in these patients, a case-control study based on 999 autopsies was performed at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas (January 1990 to December 2004). Twenty-five cases (patients who died with CMV pneumonia) were matched with 34 controls (patients who died without CMV pneumonia) by type of HM or HSCT, year of autopsy, age and gender. The incidence of CMV pneumonia declined between January 1990 to June /1997 and July 1997 to December 2004 (CMV pneumonia rates were 22/620 and 3/379 autopsies, respectively; p 0.006). Logistic regression analysis identified complete remission and sustained lymphopenia as independent predictors of CMV pneumonia (all p <0.05). The incidence of fatal CMV pneumonia has decreased over the last 15 years, which might reflect earlier diagnosis or the use of pre-emptive therapy or more effective preventive strategies. Complete remission of an HM does not preclude the development of CMV pneumonia among patients with prolonged lymphopenia.

Posaconazole as salvage treatment of invasive fungal infections in patients with underlying renal impairment.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy and safety of posaconazole in patients with underlying renal impairment. Patients and methods We analysed the efficacy and safety of posaconazole in patients with renal impairment in a post hoc subanalysis of a Phase 3, multicentre, open-label trial in patients with invasive fungal infections (IFIs). In the Phase 3 study, 330 patients intolerant of or with IFIs refractory to standard antifungal therapy received posaconazole 800 mg daily in divided doses. In our subanalysis, 238 patients with proven/probable IFIs, including 65 patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min or serum creatinine (sCR) level >2 mg/dL at baseline) and 173 patients with greater renal function [creatinine clearance >/= 50 mL/min (acceptable renal function)], formed the modified intent-to-treat population. Success was defined as complete or partial response, and non-success was defined as stable disease or treatment failure. RESULTS: Overall response rates were similar in the renal impairment group (49%) and in the acceptable renal function (50%) group. Seventeen of the 41 patients with renal impairment and aspergillosis responded. Adverse events occurred in 32/65 (49%) patients with renal impairment and in 72/173 (42%) patients with acceptable renal function. The most common adverse events in both groups were nausea (14% patients with renal impairment versus 8% with acceptable renal function), altered/elevated levels of other medications (8% versus 2%), increased sCR levels (6% versus 0%), vomiting (6% versus 4%), abdominal pain (5% versus 5%) and dizziness (5% versus 1%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that posaconazole is effective and well tolerated in patients with refractory IFIs regardless of renal impairment.

Sinus surgery combined with antifungal therapy is effective in the treatment of invasive Aspergillus sinusitis in neutropenic patients with cancer.

BACKGROUND: Invasive Aspergillus sinusitis (IAS) is associated with high mortality and poor response to antifungal therapy in patients with hematologic malignancies (HM). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We identified 353 patients with invasive aspergillosis of whom 39 patients had IAS. Of the 39 patients, 13 underwent sinus surgery (SS) in addition to the antifungal therapy, and the remaining 26 control patients received antifungal therapy alone. Most patients with IAS had underlying leukemia (85%). Both groups had comparable clinical characteristics such as gender, age, underlying disease, neutropenia at the onset, persistent neutropenia, graft-vs-host-disease, and comparable antifungal therapy. RESULTS: Overall response was 7 (53.2%) in the SS group vs 5 (19.2%) in the control group (p = 0.06). Among the subgroup of patients with neutropenia at the onset of infection, the response rate in the SS group was significantly better than in the non-SS group (57% vs 11.8%, respectively; p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: In neutropenic patients with IAS and underlying HM, SS significantly improved the response to antifungal therapy. Additional studies are warranted.

Fungal endophthalmitis in a tertiary care cancer center: a review of 23 cases.

Few data exist on the etiology, presentation, prognosis, and management of fungal endophthalmitis (FE) in cancer patients. FE cases were identified by reviewing the ophthalmology reports and microbiology cultures of patients at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and obtained information related to malignancy, fungal infection and its management, visual outcome, and mortality. We compared FE caused by Candida spp. (CE) to FE caused by molds (ME). Of the 102 cancer patients with a fungal infection for whom an ophthalmology consult was requested, 23 met the criteria for definite (N = 6) or probable (N = 17) FE (8 with CE, 15 with ME). All of the patients with ME had hematologic malignancies, whereas half of the patients with CE had solid tumor (P = .008). Only patients with CE had a history of surgery within 30 days of FE diagnosis (38%, P = .03). Fungal pneumonia [17 (74%)] and disseminated infection [14, (61%)] were common. The most common presenting symptoms were decreased vision [16 (70%)] and ocular pain [14 (61%)]. All treated patients received systemic antifungals (combination therapy in 72% of the cases). Seven patients (30%) underwent vitrectomy. Only one patient received intraocular injection of amphotericin B along with systemic antifungals. Four-week mortality was high [13 (57%)], especially in ME (73%, P = .04). Among the eight surviving patients where visual acuity could be assessed, visual outcome improved or remained stable in five (63%). FE in cancer patients occurs in the setting of severe, frequently disseminated opportunistic mycoses, is caused predominantly by hyalohyphomycetes, and is a marker for high 4-week mortality.

Novel antifungal agents as salvage therapy for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: posaconazole compared with high-dose lipid formulations of amphotericin B alone or in combination with caspofungin.

In patients with hematologic malignancy, invasive aspergillosis continues to be associated with high mortality even when treated with conventional antifungal therapy. To investigate novel antifungal agents, we compared 53 patients who received posaconazole salvage therapy to 52 contemporary control patients who received high-dose lipid formulation of amphotericin B (HD-LPD/AMB at > or = 7.5 mg kg(-1) per day) and 38 other control patients who received caspofungin plus HD-LPD/AMB. Patients in the three groups had similar. The overall response rate to salvage therapy was 40% for posaconazole, 8% for HD-LPD/AMB (P < or = 0.001) and 11% for combination therapy (P < 0.002). Aspergillosis contributed to the death of 40% of posaconazole group, 65% of the HD-LPD/AMB group and 68% of the combination group (P < or = 0.008). By multivariate analysis, posaconazole therapy independently improved response (9.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.8-32.5; P < 0.001). HD-LPD/AMB alone or in combination was associated with a significantly higher rate of nephrotoxicity (P < or = 0.02) and hepatotoxicity (P < 0.03). In conclusion, posaconazole salvage therapy demonstrated greater efficacy and safety than HD-LPD/AMB alone or in combination with caspofungin in the salvage therapy of invasive aspergillosis in hematologic malignancy.

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in cancer patients without traditional risk factors for infection, 1997-2004.

In order to elucidate the spectrum of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia in cancer patients without traditional risk factors, 44 cancer patients (cases) with S. maltophilia pneumonia in whom S. maltophilia pneumonia risk factors were not present were compared with two S. maltophilia pneumonia risk groups (controls) including 43 neutropenic non-intensive care unit (ICU) and 21 non-neutropenic ICU patients. The case and control patients had similar demographic and underlying clinical characteristics. Compared with case patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia, neutropenic patients had higher exposure to carbapenem antibiotics (58 vs. 41%; p < 0.03), more frequent hematologic malignancy (95 vs. 64%; p < 0.0003), and they presented with concurrent bacteremia more often (23 vs. 0%; p < 0.0005). Patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia in the ICU needed vasopressor therapy more frequently than cases (62 vs. 5%; p < 0.0001). Hospital-acquired S. maltophilia pneumonia was more common among controls than cases (98 vs. 61%; p < 0.000002). Among the cases, 15 (34%) received outpatient oral antimicrobial therapy, while 29 were hospitalized and eight (28%) were subsequently admitted to the ICU. The mean duration of ICU stay, even among these eight patients (19 +/- 40 days), was comparable to that of patients with neutropenia (23 +/- 26 days) and those who developed S. maltophilia pneumonia during their ICU stay (34 +/- 22 days; p = 0.46). The overall infection-associated mortality in the 108 patients with S. maltophilia pneumonia was 25%. Twenty percent of patients without traditional risk factors for S. maltophilia pneumonia died due to progressive infection. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, only admission to the ICU predicted death (odds ratio 33; 95% confidence interval, 4.51-241.2; p < 0.0006). The results of this study indicate S. maltophilia pneumonia is a serious infection even in non-neutropenic, non-ICU patients with cancer.

High-dose caspofungin combination antifungal therapy in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Pneumocandins have concentration-dependent antifungal activity and higher dose of caspofungin (HD-CAP) in combination with other licensed antifungal therapy (OLAT) may improve response. Thirty-four patients who received HD-CAP were compared with 63 patients who received standard dose (SD)-CAP. There were no differences between the groups in either patient or disease characteristics. Significantly more patients in the HD-CAP arm had extrapulmonary infections (29 vs 8% in SD group; P=0.0053), and non-Aspergillus species infection (21 vs 6%; P=0.05) and had received prior antifungal therapy (71 vs 33%; P=0.0004). No serious adverse reactions were noted in patients receiving HD- or SD-CAP therapy. Twelve weeks after treatment commenced 44% had a complete or partial response compared with 29% in SD-CAP group (P=0.1). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant probability of a favorable outcome at 12 weeks in patients who received HD-CAP (OR 3.066, 95% CI, 1.092-8.61; P=0.033). This may in part reflect higher number of patients in HD group had received granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (41 vs 14% in SD group; P=0.04) and/or interferon gamma (26 vs 5% in SD group; P=0.003) immune enhancement. Further studies are needed to evaluate efficacy of HD-CAP in severely immunosuppressed cancer patients with invasive fungal infections.

Influence of type of cancer and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on clinical presentation of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients.

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia is a common infection in patients with AIDS but an infrequent cause of pneumonia in cancer patients. Little is known about the impact of cancer type and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation on the presentation and outcome of P. jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients. A retrospective cohort study of all patients with cancer and P. jiroveci pneumonia cared for at The M.D. Anderson Cancer Center during 1990-2003 was conducted. Eighty episodes of P. jiroveci pneumonia in 79 patients were identified. In most (67%) episodes, patients had a hematologic malignancy. In 23 (29%) episodes, patients had undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Twenty-seven percent of patients with histopathologically confirmed P. jiroveci pneumonia had nodular infiltrates on the radiographic study. Pleural effusion and pneumothorax were more common in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation than in those with solid tumors. Clinical suspicion of P. jiroveci pneumonia was less common in patients with nodular infiltrates than in those without such a radiographic finding (7 vs. 39%; p=0.002). Twenty-six of 76 (34%) patients with data available died of P. jiroveci pneumonia. Predictors of death by univariate analysis included older age, tachypnea, high APACHE II score, use of mechanical ventilation or vasopressors, lower arterial pH level, absence of interstitial component, pneumothorax, and comorbid conditions (all p<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified the use of mechanical ventilation as an independent predictor of death. Death attributable to P. jiroveci pneumonia appeared to be higher in patients with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The clinical presentation of P. jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients may be affected by the category of cancer and the history of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. P. jiroveci pneumonia remains a rare yet severe infection in cancer patients.

Fungal osteoarticular infections in patients treated at a comprehensive cancer centre: a 10-year retrospective review.

This study reviewed retrospectively the clinical characteristics of 28 cancer patients with fungal osteoarticular infections (FOAIs) between 1995 and 2005. Most patients (26; 93%) had haematological malignancies (19 had leukaemia); half (14) were allogeneic stem-cell transplant recipients. Twelve patients (43%) had severe neutropenia (< or = 100/mm3) with a mean duration of 65 days (range 10-500 days), and ten (36%) patients had received a significant dose of corticosteroids. Most (19; 68%) FOAIs were caused by contiguous extension, while nine (32%) were associated with haematogenous spread. Pain, joint instability and local drainage were seen in 28 (100%), six (21%), and seven (25%) patients, respectively. Sixteen (57%) patients had symptoms for < 1 month. The sinuses (ten; 36%) and the vertebral spine (six; 21%) were the most common sites involved. Moulds were the predominant pathogens: Aspergillus fumigatus (two); non-fumigatus Aspergillus spp. (eight); non-specified Aspergillus spp. (three); Fusarium spp. (six); Zygomycetes (five); Scedosporium apiospermum (two); and Exserohilum sp. (one). Candida was the causative pathogen in four cases (including two cases of mixed FOAIs). Arthritis and post-operative FOAIs were both uncommon manifestations, occurring in two patients each. All patients received systemic antifungal therapy (combinations in 20 cases), and 19 cases underwent adjunctive surgery. The crude mortality rates (at 12 weeks) were 44% (9/20) in the patients who underwent surgery and antifungal therapy vs. 33% (2/6) in patients who received antifungal therapy alone (p not significant). FOAI is a rare, yet severe, manifestation of localised or systemic mycoses, caused predominantly by moulds, and is seen typically in patients with haematological malignancies.

Use of the Diversi Lab System for species and strain differentiation of Fusarium species isolates.

Advances in molecular typing of fusariosis would facilitate the study of its epidemiology. We tested 26 such isolates by the commercially available Diversi Lab System. The system utilizes automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) and web-based data analyses. rep-PCR dendrogram cluster analysis showed agreement with species sequence identification (elongation factor 1 alpha gene). Additionally, subtype differences within the same species were noted.

Proven pulmonary cryptococcosis due to capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans does not differ clinically from proven pulmonary cryptococcosis due to capsule-intact Cr. neoformans.

We compared the clinical manifestations, laboratory and radiologic findings, and outcomes of eight patients with proven pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) caused by capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans with those of six patients with PC caused by capsule-intact Cr. neoformans. The presentations and outcomes did not differ significantly between the groups.

The significance of blood cultures positive for emerging saprophytic moulds in cancer patients.

The significance of blood cultures positive for emerging saprophytic moulds (e.g., Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium prolificans, Paecilomyces spp.) was evaluated in 30 cancer patients (1996-2002). Diagnostic criteria proposed previously for evaluation of aspergillaemia were used. Blood cultures positive for emerging saprophytic moulds represented 1% of all positive fungal cultures. One case of catheter-related fungaemia was excluded. The remaining 29 cases consisted of true (n = 5), probable (n = 1), indeterminate (n = 7) fungaemia, and contamination (n = 16). True fungaemia was seen only in leukaemia patients and allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. S. apiospermum and S. prolificans were the commonest causes of true fungaemia.