Zinc, manganese, and copper amino acid complexes improve performance and bone characteristics of layer-type chicks under thermoneutral and cold stress conditions.

Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of mineral-amino acid complexes (AACM) as a partial replacement of inorganic mineral (IM) in layer-type chicks' diets. Both studies had the same dietary treatments, where in experiment 1 (Exp. 1) was conducted under thermoneutral conditions from 0 to 35 D and chicks in experiment 2 (Exp. 2) were exposed to cold stress conditions at nighttime during the first 15 D and to thermoneutral condition from 16 to 35 D. For each trial, 1,200 one-day-old Lohmann Brown chicks were used, with 20 cage replicates with 30 chicks per cage. Treatments consisted of the control diet (IM; with 70, 70, and 8 mg/kg of zinc [Zn], manganese [Mn], and copper [Cu], respectively) and the treatment diet (AACM, with 40, 40, and 2.75 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively, from IM sources, along with 30, 30, and 5.25 mg/kg of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively). Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and means were compared using the t-test (P < 0.05). In Exp. 1, there were no significant differences between treatments on chick performance. However, AACM-fed chicks had higher thymus (P = 0.03) and cecum weight (P < 0.01), superior micromineral deposition in the tibias (P < 0.01), and reduced phosphorus excretion (P = 0.03). In Exp. 2, chicks fed with AACM had higher body weight gain (P = 0.04), better average daily feed intake (P = 0.03), lower phosphorus excretion (P = 0.02), and higher liver and pancreas weight (P < 0.01) in the last week of the study. In conclusion, chicks fed with AACM under thermoneutral conditions had higher bone mineralization and reduced excretion of phosphorus, and in adverse conditions, AACM improves performance and liver and pancreas weight, also reducing phosphorus excretion.

Beak trimming by infrared radiation of layers

This study aimed at evaluating beak-trimming methods and intensities on the performance, beak length and uniformity, and egg parameters of commercial layers. During the rearing period, birds were distributed in randomized blocks, with a 2x3 factorial design + two treatments, consisting of beak trimming with infrared (IR) radiation (moderate or severe); three IR intensities (low: 42 nm, intermediate: 46 nm, or high: 52 nm); and two control hot blade (HB) beak trimming treatments (moderate or severe) with eight treatments and five replicates of 21 chicks each, totaling 840 birds. During the growing phase (second experiment) the factorial design was modified to 2 x 3 x 2 + 4, comprising two IR beak-trimming intensities (moderate or severe); three IR radiation intensities (low, moderate and high), second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not, and four additional HB beak-trimming treatments (moderate or severe) beak-trimming intensities, and second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not. There were 16 treatments with six replicates of seven birds each, totaling 672 laying hens, out of which 576 were selected for evaluation during the production period, with the same number of treatments and replicates of the previous phase. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), body weight uniformity (%), beak length (mm) and uniformity (%), absence of cannibalism (%), livability (%), egg production (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion per eggmass, eggmass, specific gravity, eggshell strength, Haugh unit, % yolk were evaluated. Beak trimming by infra-red radiation may be employed in commercial laying hens.

Beak trimming by infrared radiation of layers

This study aimed at evaluating beak-trimming methods and intensities on the performance, beak length and uniformity, and egg parameters of commercial layers. During the rearing period, birds were distributed in randomized blocks, with a 2x3 factorial design + two treatments, consisting of beak trimming with infrared (IR) radiation (moderate or severe); three IR intensities (low: 42 nm, intermediate: 46 nm, or high: 52 nm); and two control hot blade (HB) beak trimming treatments (moderate or severe) with eight treatments and five replicates of 21 chicks each, totaling 840 birds. During the growing phase (second experiment) the factorial design was modified to 2 x 3 x 2 + 4, comprising two IR beak-trimming intensities (moderate or severe); three IR radiation intensities (low, moderate and high), second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not, and four additional HB beak-trimming treatments (moderate or severe) beak-trimming intensities, and second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not. There were 16 treatments with six replicates of seven birds each, totaling 672 laying hens, out of which 576 were selected for evaluation during the production period, with the same number of treatments and replicates of the previous phase. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), body weight uniformity (%), beak length (mm) and uniformity (%), absence of cannibalism (%), livability (%), egg production (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion per eggmass, eggmass, specific gravity, eggshell strength, Haugh unit, % yolk were evaluated. Beak trimming by infra-red radiation may be employed in commercial laying hens.(AU)

Laying performance and egg quality of Japanese quails fed diets containing castor meal and enzyme complex

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets formulated with corn plus soybean meal (CSM) or with 21% autoclaved castor meal (ACM), with the addition of two enzyme complexes (EC1 and EC2), on the performance and egg quality of laying quail. Two hundred and sixteen quails were selected by egg production and weight uniformity and distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (in a 2 × 3 cross-factorial arrangement) and six replicates with six birds each. Three CSM and three ACM diets supplemented with EC1, EC2, or unsupplemented were established. The trial lasted three cycles of 21 days. Feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, feed conversion per egg mass, and feed conversion per dozen eggs did not differ. The use of ACM diet reduced egg (EW), yolk (YW), and eggshell (SW) weights, egg specific gravity and increased yolk color. However, EW and YW were similar among quails fed diets containing CSM and ACM when supplemented with CE1.The use of enzyme complex containing xylanase, b-glucanase, and phytase is recommended when 21% autoclaved castor mealis included in the diet of laying quails.

Laying performance and egg quality of Japanese quails fed diets containing castor meal and enzyme complex

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets formulated with corn plus soybean meal (CSM) or with 21% autoclaved castor meal (ACM), with the addition of two enzyme complexes (EC1 and EC2), on the performance and egg quality of laying quail. Two hundred and sixteen quails were selected by egg production and weight uniformity and distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments (in a 2 × 3 cross-factorial arrangement) and six replicates with six birds each. Three CSM and three ACM diets supplemented with EC1, EC2, or unsupplemented were established. The trial lasted three cycles of 21 days. Feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, feed conversion per egg mass, and feed conversion per dozen eggs did not differ. The use of ACM diet reduced egg (EW), yolk (YW), and eggshell (SW) weights, egg specific gravity and increased yolk color. However, EW and YW were similar among quails fed diets containing CSM and ACM when supplemented with CE1.The use of enzyme complex containing xylanase, b-glucanase, and phytase is recommended when 21% autoclaved castor mealis included in the diet of laying quails.(AU)

Caracterização nutricional das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte / Chemical and nutritional characterization of moringa oleifera leaves for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos e nutricionais das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 90 pintos machos, Cobb-500, com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de três aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: uma dieta referência e quatro dietas com substituição de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% da dieta referência pelas folhas de MOL. O período experimental teve duração de oito dias, utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMAMS), da proteína bruta (CMAPB) e da energia bruta (CMAEB). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito quadrático das variáveis à medida que a moringa era adicionada à ração referência. Na derivação das equações de regressão, o nível que proporcionou os melhores valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB foi de 37,7% de substituição. O farelo de folhas MOL apresentou médias de 3140kcal/kg de EMA, 2845kcal/kg de EMAn, 76,92% de CMAEB, 76,63% de CMAMS e 73,42% de CMAPB.(AU)

This study aimed to determine the energy and nutritional value of the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOL) for broilers. We used 90 male chicks, Cobb-500, with 14 days of age in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions of three birds. The treatments were: reference diet and 4 diets with substitution of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the diet by reference sheet MOL. The trial lasted eight days, using the method of total excreta collection. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent metabolizable coefficient of dry matter (AMCDM), crude protein (AMCCP) and gross energy (AMCGE). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% probability. There was a quadratic effect of the variables as the moringa was added to the reference diet. In the derivation of the regression equations the level that provided the best values of AME, AMEn, AMCGE was 37.7% substitution. The leaves meal MOL presented average 3140kcal / kg of AME, 2845kcal / kg AMEn, 76.92% of AMCGE, 76.63% of AMCDM and 73.42% of AMCCP.(AU)

Caracterização nutricional das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte / Chemical and nutritional characterization of moringa oleifera leaves for broilers

Objetivou-se determinar os valores energéticos e nutricionais das folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) para frangos de corte. Utilizaram-se 90 pintos machos, Cobb-500, com 14 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de três aves. Os tratamentos consistiram de: uma dieta referência e quatro dietas com substituição de 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% da dieta referência pelas folhas de MOL. O período experimental teve duração de oito dias, utilizando-se a metodologia de coleta total de excretas. Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para o nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMAMS), da proteína bruta (CMAPB) e da energia bruta (CMAEB). Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e à análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade. Houve efeito quadrático das variáveis à medida que a moringa era adicionada à ração referência. Na derivação das equações de regressão, o nível que proporcionou os melhores valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB foi de 37,7% de substituição. O farelo de folhas MOL apresentou médias de 3140kcal/kg de EMA, 2845kcal/kg de EMAn, 76,92% de CMAEB, 76,63% de CMAMS e 73,42% de CMAPB.(AU)

This study aimed to determine the energy and nutritional value of the leaves of Moringa oleifera (MOL) for broilers. We used 90 male chicks, Cobb-500, with 14 days of age in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six repetitions of three birds. The treatments were: reference diet and 4 diets with substitution of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the diet by reference sheet MOL. The trial lasted eight days, using the method of total excreta collection. The apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent corrected for nitrogen (AMEn), apparent metabolizable coefficient of dry matter (AMCDM), crude protein (AMCCP) and gross energy (AMCGE). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis at 5% probability. There was a quadratic effect of the variables as the moringa was added to the reference diet. In the derivation of the regression equations the level that provided the best values of AME, AMEn, AMCGE was 37.7% substitution. The leaves meal MOL presented average 3140kcal / kg of AME, 2845kcal / kg AMEn, 76.92% of AMCGE, 76.63% of AMCDM and 73.42% of AMCCP.(AU)

Metabolizabilidade da energia de farinhas mistas contendo silagem de peixes para frangos de corte / Energy metabolizability of mixed flour containing fish silage for broiler chicken

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o valor nutricional e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) de quatro farinhas mistas contendo silagem de resíduo de filetagem de tilápia para frangos de corte do tipo crescimento lento com 28 a 38 dias de idade. Analisou-se a composição físico-química das silagens e, em seguida, realizou-se um ensaio de metabolismo pelo método de coleta total de excretas com 180 pintos machos da linhagem Vermelho Pesadão Francês, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração referência (RR) e quatro dietas teste compostas de 70% da (RR), com a inclusão de 30% de farinha mista contendo silagem de peixes produzida com o farelo de algaroba (SFA), com a farinha de varredura de mandioca (SFVM), com o farelo de milho (SFM) e com a casca da mandioca (SCM). Os valores para composição físico-química das SFA, SFVM, SFM, SCM foram de 20,63, 20,76, 21,99 e 14,54% de proteína bruta; 17,04, 23,22, 21,97 e 20,27% de extrato etéreo; 7,53, 7,79, 8,65 e 8,83% de matéria mineral; 23,07, 10,55, 16,81 e 12,34% de fibra bruta; 1,79, 2,30, 1,57 e 2,72% de cálcio; 1,12, 1,72, 1,45 e 1,94% de fósforo; 532, 528, 598 e 508 densidade, g/L; 4,5, 4,0, 4,4 e 4,4 de pH. Quanto aos valores de EMA e EMAn das farinhas mistas contendo silagem de peixes em base de matéria seca, foram, respectivamente, 3560kcal/kg e 3402kcal/kg para a SFA, 3574kcal/kg e 3415kcal/kg para a SFVM, 3570kcal/kg e 3412kcal/kg para a SFVM e 3571kcal/kg e 3413kcal/kg para a SCM, com a SFA apresentando menor valor (P=0,01). Com base nos resultados, as silagens contendo restos de peixe podem ser utilizadas em dietas para frangos de corte.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value and the values of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) of four mixed meals containing fish silage for slow growth type broiler chickens at 28-38 days of age. The physicochemical composition of the silage was analyzed and then a metabolism trial was performed using total excreta collection method with 180 male chicks of Red French Pesadão lineage distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of six birds per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (RR) and four test diets containing 70% (RR), with the inclusion of 30% of mixed flour containing fish silage produced with mesquite meal (SFA) with flour of cassava meal (SFVM), with corn meal (SFM), and dehydrated cassava peel (SCM). The values for physico-chemical composition of the SFA, SFVM, SFM, SCM, were 20,63, 20.76, 21.99, and 14.54% of crude protein; 17.04, 23.22, 21.97 and 20.27% of ethereal extract; 7.53, 7.79, 8.65, and 8.83% of mineral matter; 23,07, 10,55, 16,81, and 12,34% of crude fiber; 1.79, 2.30, 1.57, and 2.72% of calcium; 1.12, 1.72, 1.45, and 1.94% of phosphorus; 532, 528, 598, and 508 of density, g / L; 4.5, 4.0, 4.4, and 4.4 of pH. As for AME and AMEn of the flours containing fish silage on dry matter basis, values were of, respectively, 3560 kcal/kg and 3402 kcal/kg for the SFA, 3574 kcal/kg and 3415 kcal/kg for SFVM, 3570 kcal/kg and 3412 kcal/kg for SFVM, and 3571 kcal/kg and 3413 kcal/kg for SCM, with the SFA showing lowest value. Based on the results, silage containing fish waste can be used in diets for broilers.(AU)

Metabolizabilidade da energia de farinhas mistas contendo silagem de peixes para frangos de corte / Energy metabolizability of mixed flour containing fish silage for broiler chicken

Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar o valor nutricional e os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e EMA corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn) de quatro farinhas mistas contendo silagem de resíduo de filetagem de tilápia para frangos de corte do tipo crescimento lento com 28 a 38 dias de idade. Analisou-se a composição físico-química das silagens e, em seguida, realizou-se um ensaio de metabolismo pelo método de coleta total de excretas com 180 pintos machos da linhagem Vermelho Pesadão Francês, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e seis aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração referência (RR) e quatro dietas teste compostas de 70% da (RR), com a inclusão de 30% de farinha mista contendo silagem de peixes produzida com o farelo de algaroba (SFA), com a farinha de varredura de mandioca (SFVM), com o farelo de milho (SFM) e com a casca da mandioca (SCM). Os valores para composição físico-química das SFA, SFVM, SFM, SCM foram de 20,63, 20,76, 21,99 e 14,54% de proteína bruta; 17,04, 23,22, 21,97 e 20,27% de extrato etéreo; 7,53, 7,79, 8,65 e 8,83% de matéria mineral; 23,07, 10,55, 16,81 e 12,34% de fibra bruta; 1,79, 2,30, 1,57 e 2,72% de cálcio; 1,12, 1,72, 1,45 e 1,94% de fósforo; 532, 528, 598 e 508 densidade, g/L; 4,5, 4,0, 4,4 e 4,4 de pH. Quanto aos valores de EMA e EMAn das farinhas mistas contendo silagem de peixes em base de matéria seca, foram, respectivamente, 3560kcal/kg e 3402kcal/kg para a SFA, 3574kcal/kg e 3415kcal/kg para a SFVM, 3570kcal/kg e 3412kcal/kg para a SFVM e 3571kcal/kg e 3413kcal/kg para a SCM, com a SFA apresentando menor valor (P=0,01). Com base nos resultados, as silagens contendo restos de peixe podem ser utilizadas em dietas para frangos de corte.(AU)

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional value and the values of Apparent Metabolizable Energy (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) of four mixed meals containing fish silage for slow growth type broiler chickens at 28-38 days of age. The physicochemical composition of the silage was analyzed and then a metabolism trial was performed using total excreta collection method with 180 male chicks of Red French Pesadão lineage distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and six replicates of six birds per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal diet (RR) and four test diets containing 70% (RR), with the inclusion of 30% of mixed flour containing fish silage produced with mesquite meal (SFA) with flour of cassava meal (SFVM), with corn meal (SFM), and dehydrated cassava peel (SCM). The values for physico-chemical composition of the SFA, SFVM, SFM, SCM, were 20,63, 20.76, 21.99, and 14.54% of crude protein; 17.04, 23.22, 21.97 and 20.27% of ethereal extract; 7.53, 7.79, 8.65, and 8.83% of mineral matter; 23,07, 10,55, 16,81, and 12,34% of crude fiber; 1.79, 2.30, 1.57, and 2.72% of calcium; 1.12, 1.72, 1.45, and 1.94% of phosphorus; 532, 528, 598, and 508 of density, g / L; 4.5, 4.0, 4.4, and 4.4 of pH. As for AME and AMEn of the flours containing fish silage on dry matter basis, values were of, respectively, 3560 kcal/kg and 3402 kcal/kg for the SFA, 3574 kcal/kg and 3415 kcal/kg for SFVM, 3570 kcal/kg and 3412 kcal/kg for SFVM, and 3571 kcal/kg and 3413 kcal/kg for SCM, with the SFA showing lowest value. Based on the results, silage containing fish waste can be used in diets for broilers.(AU)

Characterization and Digestibility of Detoxified Castor Oil Meal for Japanese Quails

These experiments were performed to determine the chemical composition, coefficients of nutrient and energy metabolizability, amino acid composition, and cytotoxicity of different castor oil meals subjected to different detoxification processes and added to the diet of Japanese quails. In the trial, 180 46-d-old female Japanese quails were distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments and with replicates of six bird each. The treatments consisted of following detoxification methods of castor oil meal: Castor oil meal A (CMA) - recovery in alcohol at 80 °C for 20 minutes and drying at 80 °C; castor oil meal B (CMB) and C (CMC) - recovery in alcohol at 80 °C for 6 minutes, neutralization with 5% NaOH, and drying under direct sunlight sun for two days (CMB) or pelleted (CMC); castor oil meal D (CMD) - recovery in alcohol at 110 °C for 15 minutes and drying at 110 °C. Castor oil meal was added replacing 20% of the reference diet. There was slight chemical composition variation (1.21% in crude protein, 6% in dry matter, 2.2% in ether extract and 64 kcal/kg in gross energy) among the castor oil meals submitted to the different treatments. The castor oil meal submitted to treatment C showed the highest amino acid values. In the cytotoxicity test, treatment D presented lower ricin activity. Castor oil meals A, C, and D may be included in Japanese quail diets; however, castor oil meal D is recommended due to the simplicity its industrial process, its low toxicity, and metabolizability coefficients obtained.

Characterization and Digestibility of Detoxified Castor Oil Meal for Japanese Quails

These experiments were performed to determine the chemical composition, coefficients of nutrient and energy metabolizability, amino acid composition, and cytotoxicity of different castor oil meals subjected to different detoxification processes and added to the diet of Japanese quails. In the trial, 180 46-d-old female Japanese quails were distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments and with replicates of six bird each. The treatments consisted of following detoxification methods of castor oil meal: Castor oil meal A (CMA) - recovery in alcohol at 80 °C for 20 minutes and drying at 80 °C; castor oil meal B (CMB) and C (CMC) - recovery in alcohol at 80 °C for 6 minutes, neutralization with 5% NaOH, and drying under direct sunlight sun for two days (CMB) or pelleted (CMC); castor oil meal D (CMD) - recovery in alcohol at 110 °C for 15 minutes and drying at 110 °C. Castor oil meal was added replacing 20% of the reference diet. There was slight chemical composition variation (1.21% in crude protein, 6% in dry matter, 2.2% in ether extract and 64 kcal/kg in gross energy) among the castor oil meals submitted to the different treatments. The castor oil meal submitted to treatment C showed the highest amino acid values. In the cytotoxicity test, treatment D presented lower ricin activity. Castor oil meals A, C, and D may be included in Japanese quail diets; however, castor oil meal D is recommended due to the simplicity its industrial process, its low toxicity, and metabolizability coefficients obtained.(AU)

Energia metabolizável da levedura de cana-de-açúcar submetida a diferentes temperaturas e tempos de secagem para frangos de corte e poedeiras / Metabolizable energy of sugar cane yeast submitted to different temperatures and drying times for broilers and layers hens

Objetivou-se determinar a temperatura e o tempo de secagem por rolos rotativos, aos quais a, levedura de cana-de-açúcar é submetida que permitam seu melhor aproveitamento energético por galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte. Para isso foram realizados três ensaios de metabolismo para determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMMS) e da energia bruta (CMEB). O primeiro ensaio foi conduzido com galinhas poedeiras (E1), o segundo com frangos de corte (E2) em crescimento e o terceiro com frangos de corte em diferentes idades (E3). Nos ensaios E1 e E2 os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referência, milho e farelo de soja, e cinco dietas teste contendo 20% da levedura a ser testada em substituição à ração referência. As leveduras avaliadas foram secas por rolagem e submetidas aos seguintes processamentos: LevA - secagem a 107ºC por 107 segundos; LevB - 95ºC por 107'; LevC - 100ºC por 107'; LevD - 100ºC por 93' e LevE - 100ºC por 123'. No E3 determinou-se a EMA, EMAn, CMMS e CMEB da LevB com frangos de 1 a 8 dias, 14 a 22 dias e 28 a 36 dias de idade. No E1 não foram observadas diferenças nos valores de EMA, EMAn e CMEB entre as leveduras, com médias de 1.773kcal/kg, 1.733kcal/kg e 40,22%, respectivamente. Entretanto o CMMS foi maior para a LevD (50,36%). No E2 os valores de EMA (1.633kcal/kg), EMAn (1.382kcal/kg) e CMEB (32,22%) foram melhores para a LevB, porém não houve diferença significativa nos valores de CMMS (29,63%). No E3 foram encontrados valores de 2.723; 1.604 e 1.414kcal/kg para EMA; 2.366, 1.391 e 1.303kcal/kg para EMAn; 52,43%, 36,74%, e 25,64% para CMMS; e 54,37%, 33,49% e 24,96% para CMEB, nas idades de 1 a 8 dias, 14 a 22 dias e 28 a 36 dias, respectivamente. [...](AU)

This study aimed to determine the temperature and drying time through rotative rolls, that sugar cane yeast is subjected to in order to allow best energy utilization by laying hens and broilers. Three metabolism trials were conducted to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), coefficient of apparent metabolizable dry matter (CAMDM) and gross energy (CAMGE). The first experiment was conducted with laying hens (E1), the second with broilers (E2) in growth and the third with broilers at different ages (E3). In the experiments E1 and E2 the treatments consisted of a reference diet, based on corn and soybean meal, and five test diets containing 20% of the yeast to be tested. The evaluated yeasts were subjected to the following processes: Lev.A) drying at 107°C for 107 seconds; Lev.B) 95°C for 107'; Lev.C) 100ºC for 107'; Lev.D) 100°C for 93' and Lev.E) 100ºC for 123'. For the E3 group AME, AMEn, CAMDM and CAMGE were determined for the Lev.B of broilers with 1 to 8 days 14 to 22 days, and 28 to 36 days of age. In E1 there were no differences in AME, AMEn and CAMGE between yeasts, with mean of 1773kcal/kg 1733kcal/kg and 40.22%, respectively. However the CMMS was greater for Lev.D (50.36%). In E2, the AME (1633kcal/kg), AMEn (1382kcal/kg) and CAMGE (32.22%) were best for Lev.B, but there was no significant difference in the values of CAMMD (29 63%). TheE3 grouphad values of 2723kcal/kg; 1604kcal/kg and 1414kcal/kg of AME; 2366kcal/kg, 1391kcal/kg and 1303kcal/kg of AMEn; 52.43%, 36.74%, and 25.64% of CAMDM; and 54.37%, 33.49% and 24.96% of CAMGE, in the ages of 1 to 8 days, 14 to 22 days and 28 to 36 days, respectively. In conclusion, for layer hens, the yeast should be dried at 100°C for 93' or 107 seconds or 95ºC for 107' and for, broilers, it should be dried at 95°C for 107 seconds(AU)

Energia metabolizável da levedura de cana-de-açúcar submetida a diferentes temperaturas e tempos de secagem para frangos de corte e poedeiras / Metabolizable energy of sugar cane yeast submitted to different temperatures and drying times for broilers and layers hens

Objetivou-se determinar a temperatura e o tempo de secagem por rolos rotativos, aos quais a, levedura de cana-de-açúcar é submetida que permitam seu melhor aproveitamento energético por galinhas poedeiras e frangos de corte. Para isso foram realizados três ensaios de metabolismo para determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca (CMMS) e da energia bruta (CMEB). O primeiro ensaio foi conduzido com galinhas poedeiras (E1), o segundo com frangos de corte (E2) em crescimento e o terceiro com frangos de corte em diferentes idades (E3)...

This study aimed to determine the temperature and drying time through rotative rolls, that sugar cane yeast is subjected to in order to allow best energy utilization by laying hens and broilers. Three metabolism trials were conducted to determine the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn), coefficient of apparent metabolizable dry matter (CAMDM) and gross energy (CAMGE). The first experiment was conducted with laying hens (E1), the second with broilers (E2) in growth and the third with broilers at different ages (E3)...

Energy values of traditional ingredients and sugarcane yeast for laying hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of corn, soybean meal (SBM), soybean oil (SO) and sugarcane yeast (SY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A metabolism trial was performed with 120 Dekalb White laying hens at 65 weeks of age, using the method of total excreta collection. Birds were housed in metabolism cages and distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with, six replicates of four birds each. The experimental period consisted of four days of adaptation and four days of excreta collection. The experimental diets included: a reference diet based on corn and SBM and four test diets containing 40% corn, 30% SBM, 10% SO or 30 % SY. The chemical compositions of the tested ingredients, expressed on "as-is" basis were: 86.9, 87.29, 87.32 and 99.5% dry matter; and 3.51, 2.08, 99.31 and 0.03 ether extract for corn, SBM, SO and SY, respectively. Corn, SBM, and SO presented 7.33, 43.61 and 24.64% crude protein, and 0.58, 5.07 and 6.77% ash, respectively; and crude fiber contents of corn and SBM were, respectively, 2.24% and 3.56%. The following AME and AMEn (kcal/kg dry matter) values were obtained: 3,801 and 3,760 kcal/kg for corn, 2,640 and 2,557 kcal/kg for SBM, 8,952 and 8,866 kcal/kg for SO, and 1,023 and 925 kcal/kg for sugarcane yeast, respectively.(AU)

Performance of free-range chickens reared in production modules enriched with shade net and perches

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of environmental enrichment in a free-range chicken production system on live performance as a function of microclimate, physiological parameters, and performance parameters. Four production modules were divided into four pens with 10 birds each, totaling 60 birds. The following treatments were applied: access to a paddock (TEST), access to a paddock with perches (PER), access to a paddock with artificial shade (SHA), and access to the paddock with perches and artificial shade (PESH). The PESH production module presented the best globe temperature (Tbg,ºC) and enthalpy (h, kJ/kg), and thereby, the best thermal environmental conditions, which ensured the longest permanence time of the birds in the paddock. The SHA and PESH modules promoted the lowest respiratory rate and shank and comb temperatures. Live performance was influenced by the presence of environmental enrichment (modules SHA and PESH), with the highest live weight (LW) and weight gain (WG) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and metabolizable energy intake (MEI). Parts yield, such as giblets, were not influenced by production modules, except for PESH, which promoted higher offal weight. In general, chickens reared in enriched production modules presented greatest performance and comfort results and were considered close to optimal rearing conditions.(AU)

Chemical composition and metabolizable energy values of corn germ meal obtained by wet milling for layers

An experiment was carried out to determine the chemical composition, metabolizable energy values, and coefficients of nutrient digestibility of corn germ meal for layers. The chemical composition of corn germ meal was determined, and then a metabolism assay was performed to determine its apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AMEn) values and its dry matter and gross energy apparent metabolizability coefficients (CAMDM and CAMGE, respectively). In the 8-day assay (four days of adaptation and four days of total excreta collection), 60 29-week-old white Lohman LSL layers were used. A completely randomized experimental design, with three treatments with five replicates of four birds each, was applied. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and two test diets, containing 20 or 30% corn germ meal. Results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by the Tukey tests at 5% probability level. The chemical composition of corn germ meal was: 96.39% dry matter, 49.48% ether extract, 1.87% ashes, 7243 kcal gross energy/kg, 11.48% protein, 0.19% methionine, 0.21% cystine, 0.48% lysine, 0.40% threonine, 0.72% arginine, 0.35% isoleucine, 0.83% leucine, 0.57% valine, and 0.37% histidine, on as-fed basis. There were no statistical differences in AME, AMEn, CAMDM, and CAMGE values with the inclusion of 20 and 30% corn germ meal in the diets. On dry matter basis, AME, AMEn, CAMDM, and CAMGE values of corn germ meal were: 4,578 and 4,548 kcal/kg, 4,723 and 4,372 kcal/kg, 64.95 and 61.86%, respectively.(AU)

Energy values of traditional ingredients and sugarcane yeast for laying hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of corn, soybean meal (SBM), soybean oil (SO) and sugarcane yeast (SY) (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). A metabolism trial was performed with 120 Dekalb White laying hens at 65 weeks of age, using the method of total excreta collection. Birds were housed in metabolism cages and distributed according to a completely randomized design into five treatments with, six replicates of four birds each. The experimental period consisted of four days of adaptation and four days of excreta collection. The experimental diets included: a reference diet based on corn and SBM and four test diets containing 40% corn, 30% SBM, 10% SO or 30 % SY. The chemical compositions of the tested ingredients, expressed on "as-is" basis were: 86.9, 87.29, 87.32 and 99.5% dry matter; and 3.51, 2.08, 99.31 and 0.03 ether extract for corn, SBM, SO and SY, respectively. Corn, SBM, and SO presented 7.33, 43.61 and 24.64% crude protein, and 0.58, 5.07 and 6.77% ash, respectively; and crude fiber contents of corn and SBM were, respectively, 2.24% and 3.56%. The following AME and AMEn (kcal/kg dry matter) values were obtained: 3,801 and 3,760 kcal/kg for corn, 2,640 and 2,557 kcal/kg for SBM, 8,952 and 8,866 kcal/kg for SO, and 1,023 and 925 kcal/kg for sugarcane yeast, respectively.

Determination of the chemical composition, amino acid levels and energy values of different poultry offal meals for broilers

The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition, amino acid content and energy values, as well as to quantify the passage rate in the digestive tract of three different poultry offal meals (POM), in two experiments carried out with broilers. In the first experiment, metabolizable energy values were determined (AMEn and TMEn) using the method of total excreta collection. In this experiment, 150 15-d-old male and female broilers were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design with 5 treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. The following treatments were applied: a reference diet, three test diets consisting of 250 g/kg of the tested ingredient (POM) + 750 g/kg of the reference diet, and one group of birds fasted for excreta collection to determine endogenous and metabolic losses. In the second experiment, POM passage rate results were obtained using 90 26-d-old broilers distributed according a completely randomized design with three treatments of 5 replicates of 6 birds each. POM passage rate was correlated (r = -99.86%) with its EE content. The evaluated POMs presented the following ME values: 16,727; 15,781 and 17,443 MJ AMEn /kg and 17,877; 15,882 and 17,527 MJ TMEn /kg for samples A, B and C, respectively.(AU)

Determinação da energia metabolizável de alimentos para codornas japonesas em postura / Metabolizable energy of different feedstuffs tested in female Japanese quails

Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida por retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn) e do coeficiente de metabolização aparente da energia bruta (CMAEB por cento) do milho, sorgo, farelo de soja, farelo de glúten de milho e óleo de soja refinado. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica), fêmeas com idade inicial de 60 dias, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao caso, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições e oito codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações experimentais e uma ração referência. Cada ração experimental foi constituída, na base da matéria natural, por 70 por cento da ração referência e 30 por cento do ingrediente a ser testado, com exceção da ração para determinação da EMAn do óleo de soja, com 10 por cento de inclusão e 90 por cento da ração referência. O experimento foi realizado em gaiolas distribuídas em baterias metálicas. Os valores de EMA, EMAn (em kcal/kg de matéria natural) e do CMAEB ( por cento) do milho moído, sorgo, farelo de soja, farelo de glúten de milho e óleo de soja refinado foram, respectivamente: 3.572 e 3.612kcal/kg e 92,6 por cento; 3.108 e 3.149kcal/kg e 80,9 por cento; 2.633 e 2.676kcal/kg e 65,3 por cento; 4.043 e 4.096kcal/kg e 75,0 por cento; 9.335 e 9.379kcal/kg e 98,8 por cento. Os valores de EMA descritos para outras espécies de aves são discrepantes dos obtidos no presente estudo, não sendo recomendado seu uso em formulação de rações para codornas japonesas em postura.

The values of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), and the apparent metabolization coefficient of crude energy (AMCCE) were determined in corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and refined soybean oil. Two-hundred and forty six-day-old female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were used in a completely randomized design, with five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of six experimental diets and one reference diet. Each experimental diet was constituted, as fed basis, for 70 percent of the reference ration and 30 percent of food that would be tested, except the ration that contained refined soybean oil that was tested, as fed basis, with 10 percent of addition and 90 percent of the reference ration. The biological assay was carried out in wired floor cages distributed in iron batteries. The respective values of AME, AMEn (kcal/kg of natural matter basis), and AMCCE ( percent) of ground corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and refined soybean oil were respectively: 3,572, 3,612kcal/kg, and 92.6 percent; 3,108, 3,149kcal/kg, and 80.9 percent; 2,633, 2,676kcal/kg, and 65.3 percent; 4,043, 4,096kcal/kg, and 75.0 percent; and 9,335, 9,379kcal/kg, and 98.8 percent. The values of AME described for other birds species were different from those obtained in this study and are not recommended to be used in ration composition for Japanese quails.

Determinação da energia metabolizável de alimentos para codornas japonesas em postura / Metabolizable energy of different feedstuffs tested in female Japanese quails

Foram determinados os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida por retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn) e do coeficiente de metabolização aparente da energia bruta (CMAEB por cento) do milho, sorgo, farelo de soja, farelo de glúten de milho e óleo de soja refinado. Foram utilizadas 240 codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica), fêmeas com idade inicial de 60 dias, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao caso, com seis tratamentos, cinco repetições e oito codornas por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de cinco rações experimentais e uma ração referência. Cada ração experimental foi constituída, na base da matéria natural, por 70 por cento da ração referência e 30 por cento do ingrediente a ser testado, com exceção da ração para determinação da EMAn do óleo de soja, com 10 por cento de inclusão e 90 por cento da ração referência. O experimento foi realizado em gaiolas distribuídas em baterias metálicas. Os valores de EMA, EMAn (em kcal/kg de matéria natural) e do CMAEB ( por cento) do milho moído, sorgo, farelo de soja, farelo de glúten de milho e óleo de soja refinado foram, respectivamente: 3.572 e 3.612kcal/kg e 92,6 por cento; 3.108 e 3.149kcal/kg e 80,9 por cento; 2.633 e 2.676kcal/kg e 65,3 por cento; 4.043 e 4.096kcal/kg e 75,0 por cento; 9.335 e 9.379kcal/kg e 98,8 por cento. Os valores de EMA descritos para outras espécies de aves são discrepantes dos obtidos no presente estudo, não sendo recomendado seu uso em formulação de rações para codornas japonesas em postura.(AU)

The values of the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), the apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), and the apparent metabolization coefficient of crude energy (AMCCE) were determined in corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and refined soybean oil. Two-hundred and forty six-day-old female Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were used in a completely randomized design, with five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of six experimental diets and one reference diet. Each experimental diet was constituted, as fed basis, for 70 percent of the reference ration and 30 percent of food that would be tested, except the ration that contained refined soybean oil that was tested, as fed basis, with 10 percent of addition and 90 percent of the reference ration. The biological assay was carried out in wired floor cages distributed in iron batteries. The respective values of AME, AMEn (kcal/kg of natural matter basis), and AMCCE ( percent) of ground corn, sorghum, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, and refined soybean oil were respectively: 3,572, 3,612kcal/kg, and 92.6 percent; 3,108, 3,149kcal/kg, and 80.9 percent; 2,633, 2,676kcal/kg, and 65.3 percent; 4,043, 4,096kcal/kg, and 75.0 percent; and 9,335, 9,379kcal/kg, and 98.8 percent. The values of AME described for other birds species were different from those obtained in this study and are not recommended to be used in ration composition for Japanese quails.(AU)