Assessment of Pediatric Telemedicine Using Remote Physical Examinations With a Mobile Medical Device: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.

Importance: The number of innovations in health care based on the use of platforms, digital devices, apps, and artificial intelligence has grown exponentially in recent years. When used correctly, these technologies allow inequities in access to health care to be addressed by optimizing care and reducing social and geographic barriers. However, most of the technological health care solutions proposed have not undergone rigorous clinical studies. Objective: To assess the concordance between measurements from a remote physical examination using a mobile medical device and measurements from a conventional in-person physical examination. Design, Setting, and Participants: This nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted from January 1 to December 31, 2020. The clinical parameters compared were heart rate; body temperature; heart, lung, and abdominal auscultation; otoscopy; throat and oral examination; and skin examination. A total of 690 patients with clinical stability and various symptoms who were seen in the emergency department of 2 Brazilian pediatric hospitals were eligible to enter this study. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was concordance between measurements from a telemedicine physical examination using a mobile medical device and measurements from a conventional in-person physical examination. The secondary outcome was the specificity and sensitivity of the digital device, considering the conventional in-person consultation as the gold standard. Results: Among 690 patients, the median (IQR) age at study entry was 5 (1-9) years; 348 (50.4%) were female, and 331 (48.0%) presented with a chronic disease. Regarding the primary outcome, the concordance values were 90% or greater for skin examination (94% for rash, 100% for hemorrhagic suffusion, and 95% for signs of secondary infection), characteristics of the mucosa (98% for hydration and 97% for coloring), and heart (95% for murmur, 97% for rhythms, and 98% for sounds), lung (91% for adventitious sounds, 97% for vesicular sounds, and 90% for fever), and abdominal (92% for abdominal sounds) auscultations. Concordance values were lower for otoscopy (72% for the ear canal and 86% for the tympanic membrane), throat and oral examination (72%), and rhinoscopy (79% for mucosa and 81% for secretion). The specificity was greater than 70% (ranging from 74.5% for the ear canal to 99.7% for hemorrhagic suffusion) for all variables. The sensitivity was greater than 52% for skin examination (58.0% for rash and 54.8% for signs of secondary infection), throat and oral examination (52.7%), and otoscopy (66.1% for the ear canal and 64.4% for the tympanic membrane). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, measurements from remote physical examination with a mobile medical device had satisfactory concordance with measurements from in-person physical examination for otoscopy, throat and oral examination, skin examination, and heart and lung auscultation, with limitations regarding heart and lung auscultation in infants and abdominal auscultation in children of all ages. Measurements from remote physical examination via a mobile medical device were comparable with those from in-person physical examination in children older than 2 years. These findings suggest that telemedicine may be an alternative to in-person examination in certain contexts and may help to optimize access to health care services and reduce social and geographic barriers. Trial Registration: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials Identifier: RBR-346ymn.

Conhecimentos e práticas sobre telemedicina entre alergistas e imunologistas brasileiros / Telemedicine knowledge and practices among Brazilian allergists and immunologists

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características das práticas de telemedicina (TM) entre médicos alergistas/ imunologistas (A/I) brasileiros e avaliar seu conhecimento sobre as recomendações regulatórias. Métodos: Uma pesquisa eletrônica autorreferida foi enviada por e-mail uma vez por semana entre agosto e outubro/2021 a 2.600 médicos A/I brasileiros. Resultados: 205 (7,9%) participantes preencheram os formulários. 143 (70,2%) médicos usaram TM em sua prática clínica, e 184 (89,9%) nunca o usaram antes da pandemia de COVID-19. Dentre os médicos, 192 (93,8%) utilizaram a TM para consultas de acompanhamento, 186 (91%) para verificação de exames complementares e 136 (66,7%) nas primeiras consultas. Cento e quarenta e três médicos A/I (70,2%) sentiram-se seguros em seu diagnóstico por meio da TM, e 7 (3,5%) responderam que não conseguiram encontrar um diagnóstico correto usando a TM. Os principais benefícios da TM relatados foram: maior acessibilidade, principalmente em áreas mais distantes 159 (77,6%), redução dos custos de deslocamento 158 (77,1%) e segurança quanto à transmissão do COVID-19 145 (71,2%). Por outro lado, algumas desvantagens da TM foram listadas pelos participantes: ausência de exame físico 183 (89,7%), relação médico-paciente fragilizada 59 (28,8%) e problemas de Internet 45 (22%). Em relação ao campo jurídico/ético, 105 (51,4%) dos especialistas aplicaram o termo de consentimento e 34 (16,7%) registraram a teleconsulta, ambas as etapas exigidas em uma consulta de TM, conforme recomendações regulatórias locais. Além disso, plataformas online inadequadas para TM, como aplicativos de mídia social e programas de reuniões online não específicos, foram relatadas como sendo usadas por 131 (64,1%) dos participantes. Oitenta (40%) não leram as declarações e recomendações oficiais que regulamentam a prática da TM no Brasil. Conclusões: Observouse um uso crescente de TM no Brasil, influenciado principalmente pela pandemia de COVID-19. Apesar de ser ferramenta útil na pandemia, com vantagens e desvantagens, há necessidade de conhecer as recomendações regulatórias.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of telemedicine (TM) practices among Brazilian allergists/immunologists (A/I) and to assess their knowledge of regulatory recommendations. Methods: A self-report electronic survey was sent by email once a week between August and October 2021 to 2,600 Brazilian A/I physicians. Results: A total of 205 (7.9%) participants completed the survey. TM was used in clinical practice by 143 (70.2%) physicians, and 184 (89.9%) had never used it before the COVID-19 pandemic. Among participants, 192 (93.8%) used TM for follow-up consultations, 186 (91%) for checking complementary exams, and 136 (66.7%) for first consultations. The number of A/I physicians (70.2%) that felt confident in their diagnosis using TM was 143, and 7 (3.5%) reported that they could not reach the correct diagnosis using TM. Participants reported that the main benefits of TM were greater accessibility, especially in more distant areas (159, 77.6%), reduced travel costs (158, 77.1%), and safety regarding the transmission of COVID-19 (145, 71.2%). Conversely, the lack of physical examination (183, 89.7%), poor doctor-patient relationship (59, 28.8%), and internet connection problems (45, 22%) were mentioned as disadvantages. Regarding legal/ethical aspects, 105 (51.4%) physicians reported applying a consent form and 34 (16.7%) reported making a record of the teleconsultation, both of which are required for TM consultations, according to local regulatory recommendations. The use of inappropriate online platforms for TM, such as social media applications and nonspecific online meeting programs, was reported by 131 (64.1%) participants. Eighty (40%) participants did not read the official statements and recommendations that regulate the practice of TM in Brazil. Conclusions: An increasing use of TM was observed in Brazil, mainly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite being a useful tool in the pandemic, with advantages and disadvantages, physicians should have knowledge of regulatory recommendations.

Household transmission of COVID-19 according to index case: children, parents, and healthcare workers.

The first SARS-CoV-2 intrafamilial transmission was investigated in China. We evaluated the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 242 individuals from 60 family clusters, including 30 healthcare workers (HCW) and 30 patients, in São Paulo city. Sixty index cases with COVID-19 were selected, being 30 HCW index cases from Hospital São Paulo (HSP) and its 93 household contacts and 30 index case patients from Hospital Infantil Sabará (HIS) and its 89 household contacts. Asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals participating were tested for COVID-19. The secondary attack rates in the family clusters of HCW and HIS patients were 37.63% and 68.54%, respectively. Considering all households, the transmission from adults to children was 55.4%, while the transmission from children to children was 37.5%. Children were more infected if the index case was an adult, suggesting that children were less competent to transmit. The average time for a household to be COVID-19 positive was 4 and 3 days for HCW and HIS patients. Although HCW have a higher risk of infection and social vulnerability, the secondary attack rate was lower than that observed for HIS patients, possibly because HCW are more aware of transmission risks than the general community.

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH COVID-19: REPORT OF THE FIRST 115 CASES FROM SABARÁ HOSPITAL INFANTIL.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical manifestations and severity of children and adolescents affected by COVID-19 treated at Sabará Hospital Infantil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, and observational study. All cases of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-qPCR of patients seen at the hospital (emergency room, first-aid room, and ICU) were analyzed. The severity of the cases was classified according to the Chinese Consensus. RESULTS: Among the 115 children included, a predominance of boys (57%) was verified, and the median age was two years. A total of 22 children were hospitalized, 12 in the ICU. Of the total, 26% had comorbidities with a predominance of asthma (13%). Fever, cough, and nasal discharge were the most frequent symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were reported by 58% of children and gastrointestinal symptoms, by 34%. Three children were asymptomatic, 81 (70%) had upper airway symptoms, 15 (13%) had mild pneumonia, and 16 (14%) had severe pneumonia. Hospitalized children were younger than non-hospitalized children (7 months vs. 36 months). In hospitalized patients, a higher frequency of irritability, dyspnea, drowsiness, respiratory distress, low oxygen saturation, and hepatomegaly was observed. Chest radiography was performed in 69 children with 45% of abnormal exams. No child required mechanical ventilation and there were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Most of children and adolescents affected by COVID-19 had mild upper airway symptoms. Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were more severe among younger children who exhibited gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms more frequently.