RESUMO
In March 2013, the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed the first reported case of human infection with an avian influenza A H7N9 virus. Infection with this virus often caused severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome resulting in a case fatality rate >35%. The risk of pandemic highlighted, once again, the need for a more rapid and scalable vaccine response capability. Here, we describe the rapid (19 days) development of a plant-derived VLP vaccine based on the hemagglutinin sequence of influenza H7N9 A/Hangzhou/1/2013. The immunogenicity of the H7 VLP vaccine was assessed in mice and ferrets after one or two intramuscular dose(s) with and without adjuvant (alum or GLA-SE™). In ferrets, we also measured H7-specific cell-mediated immunity. The mice and ferrets were then challenged with H7N9 A/Anhui/1/2013 influenza virus. A single immunization with the adjuvanted vaccine elicited a strong humoral response and protected mice against an otherwise lethal challenge. Two doses of unadjuvanted vaccine significantly increased humoral response and resulted in 100% protection with significant reduction of clinical signs leading to nearly asymptomatic infections. In ferrets, a single immunization with the alum-adjuvanted H7 VLP vaccine induced strong humoral and CMI responses with antigen-specific activation of CD3(+) T cells. Compared to animals injected with placebo, ferrets vaccinated with alum-adjuvanted vaccine displayed no weight loss during the challenge. Moreover, the vaccination significantly reduced the viral load in lungs and nasal washes 3 days after the infection. This candidate plant-made H7 vaccine therefore induced protective responses after either one adjuvanted or two unadjuvanted doses. Studies are currently ongoing to better characterize the immune response elicited by the plant-derived VLP vaccines. Regardless, these data are very promising for the rapid production of an immunogenic and protective vaccine against this potentially pandemic virus.
Assuntos
Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/imunologia , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vacinas contra Influenza/imunologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Vacinas de Partículas Semelhantes a Vírus/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Peso Corporal , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Furões , Glicoproteínas de Hemaglutininação de Vírus da Influenza/genética , Esquemas de Imunização , Subtipo H7N9 do Vírus da Influenza A/genética , Vacinas contra Influenza/administração & dosagem , Vacinas contra Influenza/genética , Vacinas contra Influenza/isolamento & purificação , Injeções Intramusculares , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Cavidade Nasal/virologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/patologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/prevenção & controle , Placebos/administração & dosagem , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Análise de Sobrevida , Nicotiana , Vacinas de Partículas Semelhantes a Vírus/administração & dosagem , Vacinas de Partículas Semelhantes a Vírus/genética , Vacinas de Partículas Semelhantes a Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Carga ViralRESUMO
For almost 40 years, thanks to Alfred Hitchcock's seminal film, the word Psycho has conjured up some of the strongest and most enduring, not to say frightening and even misleading images of mental illness in contemporary western culture. It has become a byword for terrifying homicidal impulses, the unpredictability of a deranged mind, and has created, in Norman Bates, an archetype for the Other. However, we must now accept that time has passed. There is now another Psycho with which we have to deal, so close in shot selection and script as to pass for identical. Gus van Sant has produced a Psycho for the 1990s--or so we might consider. This paper will examine the way in which the two films, one produced in 1960 and the second in 1988, deal with the notions of mental illness, madness and the construction of the Other. It will pay particular attention to the central character of Norman Bates, how and why he is so terrifying to us, how his madness is explained and demonstrated and what a deconstructed analysis of that portrayal may signal. It will consider the notion that, just as we have come to accept that every generation may produce its own interpretation of roles from the classical stage repertoire, such as Hamlet, every generation can and will interpret Psycho to mirror its own concerns.
Assuntos
Filmes Cinematográficos , Transtornos Psicóticos , Atitude Frente a Saúde , História do Século XX , Humanos , Filmes Cinematográficos/história , Preconceito , Psiquiatria/história , Transtornos Psicóticos/históriaRESUMO
A comparative study of blood gases and acid-base parameters, obtained simultaneously from arterial and finger capillary samples, was performed in 45 patients in acute respiratory distress without circulatory shock. Although small and significant differences were found between the 2 sample pH, Po2, Pco2, and bicarbonate values, the correlations between the 2 were greater than or equal to 0.97 for each variable. It was concluded that although the arterial blood is the preferred sample for evaluation of blood gases and acid-base status of patients in acute respiratory distress, capillary blood appears to be a valid substitute in the management of these patients. This technique is particularly valuable in pediatric practice, where repeated arterial samples are less easily obtained.
