A randomised controlled trial of a program based on the theory of planned behavior to promote fruit and vegetable intake among schoolchildren: PROFRUVE study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The PROFRUVE study is a controlled intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which follows those behavioral theories that have proved to be the most effective at changing infant fruit and vegetable (FV) intake pattern. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program in increasing FV consumption in schoolchildren aged 8 to 10 and based on TPB. METHODS: Eligible classrooms within schools from Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain) will be randomly assigned to the intervention (classrooms n = 4; children n = 86) or control (classrooms n = 4; children n = 86) group. The intervention group will receive 14 sessions of 60 min during an academic year (October to June). These sessions, designed by a multidisciplinary team, are based on TPB and are directed at modifying determinants of behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and intention of consumption), and intake of FV itself. Both the process and the evolution of consumption and determinants of behavior will be evaluated (before, during, shortly after and a year after) using validated surveys, 7 day food records, 24 h reminders and questionnaires. DISCUSSION: This study will provide a valid and useful tool to achieve changes in the consumption of FV at school level. A negative result will be helpful in redefining new strategies in the framework of changing habits in the consumption of FV. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study has been retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT03400891 . Data registered: 17/01/2018.

[Neonatal and perinatal mortality in hospitals of the Basque Country-Navarre Neonatal Study Group (GEN-VN) during the period 2000-2006]. / Evolución de la mortalidad neonatal y perinatal en los hospitales del Grupo de Estudios Neonatales Vasco-Navarro (GEN-VN) en el periodo 2000-2006.

BACKGROUND: In 2000, the Basque-Navarre Neonatal Study Group (GEN-VN) was created with a clear objective of studying the perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in newborns. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this investigation is to present the trends of neonatal and perinatal mortality and their causes in the hospitals of the Basque-Navarre Neonatal Study Group from 2000 to 2006. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A descriptive study was carried out on the 157,623 births in the participating hospitals of the Basque-Navarre Neonatal Study Group, from 2000 to 2006. During this period, of the total births, 156.904 were born alive, there were 719 foetal deaths and 363 newborns died within the first 28 days of life. Perinatal and neonatal mortality was analysed, raw and stratified by gestational age and birth weight. RESULTS: The Basque -Navarre Neonatal Study Group collects from 80.5% to 96.8% of all the births reported by the authorities. There is a decreasing trend in foetal and perinatal mortality rates from 2000 to 2006. However, neonatal mortality rates shows a stable trend when compared with the descense in the last years of the 20th century. The most frequent causes of death are respiratory, infections and the congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Collecting regional data improves the quality of neonatal and perinatal mortality studies. Very low birth weight and very low gestational age newborns require special quality of care due their high mortality (54.8% of neonatal mortality in 2006), therefore further studies are required on the impact of these newborns on neonatal mortality in our hospitals.

Evolución de la mortalidad neonatal y perinatal en los hospitales del Grupo de Estudios Neonatales Vasco-Navarro (GEN-VN) en el periodo 2000–2006 / Neonatal and perinatal mortality in hospitals of the Basque Country-Navarre Neonatal Study Group (GEN-VN) during the period 2000–2006

Introducción: el Grupo de Estudios Neonatales Vasco-Navarro (GEN-VN) se creó en el año 2000 para estudiar y contribuir a mejorar los resultados de la asistencia de los recién nacidos de Navarra y el País Vasco. Objetivo: presentar la evolución de las tasas de mortalidad perinatal y neonatal de los hospitales participantes en el GEN-VN en el periodo de 2000 a 2006 y analizar sus causas. Pacientes y método: estudio descriptivo con base poblacional de los 157.623 nacimientos de los hospitales del GEN-VN en un periodo de 7 años (2000-2006). De ellos, 156.904 nacieron vivos y hubo 719 muertes fetales y 363 muertes neonatales. Se analizó la mortalidad perinatal y neonatal, bruta y específica por grupos de peso y edad gestacional. Resultados: el GEN-VN recogió entre un 80,5 y un 96,8% del total de nacimientos que declararon las administraciones de Navarra y País Vasco. Las tasas de mortalidades fetal y perinatal mostraron una tendencia decreciente, mientras que la mortalidad neonatal está estabilizada por encima del 2‰, en comparación con el descenso observado durante los últimos años del siglo xx. Las causas más frecuentes de mortalidad fueron las infecciones, la insuficiencia respiratoria y las anomalías congénitas. Conclusiones: la recogida regional de datos aumenta la calidad de los estudios de mortalidad perinatal y neonatal, al tener una base poblacional. Los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso y muy baja edad gestacional requieren una atención especializada debido a la alta mortalidad, que representa el 54,8% de la mortalidad neonatal (año 2006) (AU)

Background: In 2000, the Basque-Navarre Neonatal Study Group (GEN-VN) was created with a clear objective of studying the perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in newborns. Objective: The aim of this investigation is to present the trends of neonatal and perinatal mortality and their causes in the hospitals of the Basque-Navarre Neonatal Study Group from 2000 to 2006. Patients and method: A descriptive study was carried out on the 157,623 births in the participating hospitals of the Basque-Navarre Neonatal Study Group, from 2000 to 2006. During this period, of the total births, 156.904 were born alive, there were 719 foetal deaths and 363 newborns died within the first 28 days of life. Perinatal and neonatal mortality was analysed, raw and stratified by gestational age and birth weight. Results: The Basque -Navarre Neonatal Study Group collects from 80.5% to 96.8% of all the births reported by the authorities. There is a decreasing trend in foetal and perinatal mortality rates from 2000 to 2006. However, neonatal mortality rates shows a stable trend when compared with the descense in the last years of the 20th century. The most frequent causes of death are respiratory, infections and the congenital anomalies. Conclusions: Collecting regional data improves the quality of neonatal and perinatal mortality studies. Very low birth weight and very low gestational age newborns require special quality of care due their high mortality (54.8% of neonatal mortality in 2006), therefore further studies are required on the impact of these newborns on neonatal mortality in our hospitals (AU)

Dispensación y coste de antimicrobianos en España (1998-2000) / Dispensation and cost of antimicrobials in Spain (1998–2000)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la dispensación de antiinfecciosos para uso sistémico, excluidos sueros e inmunoglobulinas y vacunas,realizada en las oficinas de farmacia de España en un periodo de dos años, y la valoración de su coste económico. Se realizó un estudio farmacoepidemiológicoretrospectivo en el cual se analizó la dispensación de los medicamentos pertenecientes a los subgrupos J01, J02, J04y J05. Se calcularon las dosis diarias definidas por mil habitantes y día (DHD), y el gasto se expresó en términos absolutos y en coste por milhabitantes y día (CHD). La DHD total asciende a 32,11 (30,70 de antibacterianos, 0,53 de antimicóticos, 0,72 de antimicobacterianos y 0,16de antivirales). Dentro del subgrupo J01, los más dispensados fueron penicilinas, macrólidos, cefalosporinas y quinolonas. Por principios activosdestacan amoxicilina y su asociación con ácido clavulánico, claritromicina, cefuroxima axetilo y ciprofloxacino. El coste total de la dispensaciónde antiinfecciosos es de 1.403.462.770 euros, y el coste por mil habitantes y día de 47,18 euros

The aim of this study was to analyze the dispensation of anti-infectives for systemic use, excluding immune sera and immunoglobulins andvaccines, made in all of Spain’s pharmaceutical offices in a two-year period and to analyze their pharmacological cost. A retrospective pharmacoepidemiologicalstudy was made of dispensations in Spain’s pharmaceutical offices for medicines belonging to the J01, J02, J04 andJ05 subgroups. The dispensations were quantified as defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). The economic cost of the dispensingwas expressed in absolute terms and as CID (cost per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The total DID of anti-infective drugs was 32.11(30.70 for antibacterials, 0.53 antimycotics, 0.73 for antimicrobacterials and 0.16 for antivirals). In the J01 subgroup the most frequentlyused were penicillins, macrolides, cephalosporins and quinolones. And the most frequently used drugs were amoxicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanicacid, clarithromycin, cefuroxime axetil and ciprofloxacin. The total cost was ;1,403,462,770, and the CID was ; 47.18

[Dispensation and cost of antimicrobials in Spain (1998-2000)]. / Dispensación y coste de antimicrobianos en España (1998-2000).

The aim of this study was to analyze the dispensation of anti-infectives for systemic use, excluding immune sera and immunoglobulins and vaccines, made in all of Spain's pharmaceutical offices in a two-year period and to analyze their pharmacological cost. A retrospective pharmacoepidemiological study was made of dispensations in Spain's pharmaceutical offices for medicines belonging to the J01, J02, J04 and J05 subgroups. The dispensations were quantified as defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). The economic cost of the dispensing was expressed in absolute terms and as CID (cost per 1,000 inhabitants per day). The total DID of anti-infective drugs was 32.11 (30.70 for antibacterials, 0.53 antimycotics, 0.73 for antimicrobacterials and 0.16 for antivirals). In the J01 subgroup the most frequently used were penicillins, macrolides, cephalosporins and quinolones. And the most frequently used drugs were amoxicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, clarithromycin, cefuroxime axetil and ciprofloxacin. The total cost was 1,403,462,770 euros, and the CID was 47.18 euros.