Benincasa hispida Alleviates Stress and Anxiety in a Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Model.

The Ayurvedic medical system uses fruits of the Benincasa hispida plant to treat mental diseases, including schizophrenia. The goal of the current study was to assess the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit's ability to relieve stress and anxiety induced in zebrafish models using neuropharmacological evaluation, which included determining behavioral parameters in tests such as the T-maze, open tank test (OTT), and light-dark preference test (LDPT). After measuring the zebrafish survival rate for 96 h, the LC50 was found to be 5 µg. AChE (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitory activity and the status of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and LDH) were also used to evaluate the toxicity. Furthermore, the administration of the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit increased the frequency of entry and duration of time spent in the bright section, suggesting a noteworthy reduction in levels of stress and anxiety. Additionally, the antistress and antianxiety activity was confirmed by the docking studies' mechanism of action, which involves the AChE receptor binding stability of the homogalactaconan molecule found in the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrated that the aqueous extract of B. hispida fruit is a viable therapeutic molecule for the creation of novel drugs and the treatment of stress since it has the therapeutic advantage of reversing the negative effects of stress and anxiety.

Nanofabrication of cobalt-tellurium using Allium sativum extract and its protective efficacy against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HaCaT cells.

Allium sativum (A. sativum)is well known for its therapeutic and culinary uses. Because of their high medicinal properties, the clove extract was selected to synthesize cobalt-tellurium nanoparticles. The aim of the study was to evaluate the protective activity of the nanofabricated cobalt-tellurium using A. sativum (Co-Tel-As-NPs) against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HaCaT cells. Synthesized Co-Tel-As-NPs were analyzed using UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, EDAX, XRD, DLS, and SEM. Various concentrations of Co-Tel-As-NPs were used as a pretreatment on HaCaT cells before H2O2 was added. Then, the cell viability and mitochondrial damage were compared between pretreated and untreated control cells using an array of assays (MTT, LDH, DAPI, MMP, and TEM), and the intracellular ROS, NO, and antioxidant enzyme production were examined. In the present research, Co-Tel-As-NPs at different concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0µg/mL) were tested for toxicity using HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the effect of H2O2 on the viability of HaCaT cells was evaluated using the MTT assay for Co-Tel-As-NPs. Among those, Co-Tel-As-NPs at 4.0 µg/mL showed notable protection; with the same treatment, cell viability was discovered to be 91% and LDH leakage was also significantly decreased. Additionally, the measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly decreased by Co-Tel-As-NPs pretreatment against H2O2. The recovery of the condensed and fragmented nuclei brought about by the action of Co-Tel-As-NPs was identified using DAPI staining. TEM examination of the HaCaT cells revealed that the Co-Tel-As-NPs had a therapeutic effect against H2O2 keratinocyte damage.

Attenuation of Hyperlipidemia by Medicinal Formulations of Emblica officinalis Synergized with Nanotechnological Approaches.

The ayurvedic herb Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is a gift to mankind to acquire a healthy lifestyle. It has great therapeutic and nutritional importance. Emblica officinalis, also known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. Amla is beneficial for treating illnesses in all its forms. The most crucial component is a fruit, which is also the most common. It is used frequently in Indian medicine as a restorative, diuretic, liver tonic, refrigerant, stomachic, laxative, antipyretic, hair tonic, ulcer preventive, and for the common cold and fever. Hyperlipidemia is also known as high cholesterol or an increase in one or more lipid-containing blood proteins. Various phytocompounds, including polyphenols, vitamins, amino acids, fixed oils, and flavonoids, are present in the various parts of E. officinalis. E. officinalis has been linked to a variety of pharmacological effects in earlier studies, including hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, radioprotective, and hyperlipidemic effects. The amla-derived active ingredients and food products nevertheless encounter challenges such as instability and interactions with other food matrices. Considering the issue from this perspective, food component nanoencapsulation is a young and cutting-edge field for controlled and targeted delivery with a range of preventative activities. The nanoformulation of E. officinalis facilitates the release of active components or food ingredients, increased bioaccessibility, enhanced therapeutic activities, and digestion in the human body. Accordingly, the current review provides a summary of the phytoconstituents of E. officinalis, pharmacological actions detailing the plant E. officinalis's traditional uses, and especially hyperlipidemic activity. Correspondingly, the article describes the uses of nanotechnology in amla therapeutics and functional ingredients.

Advances in Nanofabrication Technology for Nutraceuticals: New Insights and Future Trends.

Bioactive components such as polyphenolics, flavonoids, bioactive peptides, pigments, and essential fatty acids were known to ward off some deadliest diseases. Nutraceuticals are those beneficial compounds that may be food or part of food that has come up with medical or health benefits. Nanoencapsulation and nanofabricated delivery systems are an imminent approach in the field of food sciences. The sustainable fabrication of nutraceuticals and biocompatible active components indisputably enhances the food grade and promotes good health. Nanofabricated delivery systems include carbohydrates-based, lipids (solid and liquid), and proteins-based delivery systems. Solid nano-delivery systems include lipid nanoparticles. Liquid nano-delivery systems include nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions. Physicochemical properties of nanoparticles such as size, charge, hydrophobicity, and targeting molecules affect the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nano delivery systems. Advance research in toxicity studies is necessary to ensure the safety of the nanofabricated delivery systems, as the safety of nano delivery systems for use in food applications is unknown. Therefore, improved nanotechnology could play a pivotal role in developing functional foods, a contemporary concept assuring the consumers to provide programmed, high-priced, and high-quality research toward nanofabricated delivery systems.

Chaetomium globosum extract mediated gold nanoparticle synthesis and potent anti-inflammatory activity.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are gaining a lot of attention in recent decades from researchers due to their unique optoelectronic properties and their significance in the field of biomedicine. Keeping this in view, our research work was designed to investigate gold nanoparticles obtained by using a fungal endophytic strain Chaetomium globosum, isolated from Vitex negundo which showed significant activity on enzyme inhibition. In the present study, the fungal isolate C. globosum was characterized using HPLC and LC-MS. A novel compound Catechin was matched with standard Catechin. Further, the endophyte C. globosum extract was utilized to synthesize gold nanoparticles (CgAuNPs) which was analysed by UV-visible spectroscopy. The CgAuNPs exhibited wine red color and the absorption peak appeared at 542 nm confirming the formation of the AuNPs. Further, Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed to confirm the various functional groups present in mycosynthesized CgAuNPs. FTIR analysis demonstrated the presence of amines, flavonoids, as well as the presence of amide I linkage which possibly reduces Au+ to Au0. The synthesized CgAuNPs exhibited potential cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in a dose dependent manner. Further, CgAuNPs demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity. Overall, the present work provides insights into the design of nano delivery and may be applied for clinical studies in future.

Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles mediated by the endophytic Cladosporium species: Photodegradation, in vitro anticancer activity and in vivo antitumor studies.

Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological sources is the fast-growing trend replacing chemical synthesis via toxic materials. Considering the importance and feasibility of green fabricated NPs, the present research focuses on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of the endophytic Cladosporium sp. (MycoAuNPs) isolated from Commiphora wightii. The synthesized MycoAuNPs are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopic, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized NPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 524 nm, with an average size between 5 and 10 nm in a spherical shape. XRD revealed the crystalline nature, and EDX profiling confirmed the presence of gold (Au) and oxygen (O) atoms. The biological potential of MycoAuNPs were tested under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. MycoAuNPs showed anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (IC50 38.23 µg/mL) through the induction of apoptosis. Further, MycoAuNPs showed potential against growth of tumor in tumor-bearing mice models. MycoAuNPs significantly reduced the body weight, ascites volume, and increased the lifespan of EAC bearing mice. It induced apoptosis of the EAC cells, which was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and Giemsa staining. Also, they did not develop any secondary complications or side effects in normal mice. The photocatalytic activity of MycoAuNPs tested against Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue dyes showed potential dye degradation in the presence of sunlight. Thus, the present study gives a clear idea of the multifaceted therapeutic and catalytic applications of the biosynthesized MycoAuNPs.