Differentiation-inducing quinolines as experimental breast cancer agents in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell model.

The purpose of this work is to develop agents for cancer differentiation therapy. We showed that five antiproliferative quinoline compounds in the National Cancer Institute database stimulated cell differentiation at growth inhibitory concentrations (3-14 microM) in MCF-7 human breast tumor cells in vitro. The differentiation-inducing quinolines caused lipid droplet accumulation, a phenotypic marker of differentiation, loss of Ki67 antigen expression, a cell cycle marker indicative of exit into G0, and reduced protein levels of the G1--S transcription factor, E2F1. The antimalarial quinolines, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine and quinidine had similar effects in MCF-7 cells, but were 3-10 times less potent than the NSC compounds. NSC3852 and NSC86371 inhibited histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in vitro and caused DNA damage and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, consistent with their differentiation and antiproliferative activities. However, the HDAC assay results showed that for other compounds, direct HDAC enzyme inhibition was not required for differentiation activity. E2F1 protein was suppressed by all differentiation quinolines, but not by non-differentiating analogs, quinoline and primaquine. At equivalent antiproliferative concentrations, NSC69603 caused the greatest decrease in E2F1 protein (90%) followed by antimalarials quinidine and hydroxychloroquine. NSC69603 did not cause DNA damage. The other NSC compounds caused DNA damage and apoptosis and reduced E2F1 levels. The physicochemical properties of NSC3852, NSC69603, NSC86371, and NSC305819 predicted they are drug candidates suitable for development as experimental breast tumor cell differentiation agents. We conclude DNA damage and reductions in E2F1 protein are mechanistically important to the differentiation and antiproliferative activities of these quinoline drug candidates.

Design, synthesis, and bioactivities of steroid-linked taxol analogues as potential targeted drugs for prostate and breast cancer.

The female steroid hormone 3,17beta-estradiol (2) was selected as an agent to target taxol (1) to estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer cells. Estradiol-taxol conjugates (ETC) were synthesized through linkages from the 11- or 16-position of estradiol to the 2'-, 7-, or 10-position of taxol. All conjugates were cytotoxic to the A2870 ovarian cancer cell line, although less so than taxol. The MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (ER-alpha positive) and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line (ER-alpha negative) were also used to evaluate the selectivity and cytotoxicity of these conjugates. One conjugate showed some selectivity for ER positive cells, but it was less potent than taxol. Two ETC hemisuccinates were also prepared to improve the solubility of the conjugates. The corresponding Na and triethanolammonium salts were slightly more cytotoxic than the acid form but were much less cytotoxic than the corresponding ETC.