Microbial Nanotechnology for Precision Nanobiosynthesis: Innovations, Current Opportunities and Future Perspectives for Industrial Sustainability.

A new area of biotechnology is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is an emerging field that aims to develope various substances with nano-dimensions that have utilization in the various sectors of pharmaceuticals, bio prospecting, human activities and biomedical applications. An essential stage in the development of nanotechnology is the creation of nanoparticles. To increase their biological uses, eco-friendly material synthesis processes are becoming increasingly important. Recent years have shown a lot of interest in nanostructured materials due to their beneficial and unique characteristics compared to their polycrystalline counterparts. The fascinating performance of nanomaterials in electronics, optics, and photonics has generated a lot of interest. An eco-friendly approach of creating nanoparticles has emerged in order to get around the drawbacks of conventional techniques. Today, a wide range of nanoparticles have been created by employing various microbes, and their potential in numerous cutting-edge technological fields have been investigated. These particles have well-defined chemical compositions, sizes, and morphologies. The green production of nanoparticles mostly uses plants and microbes. Hence, the use of microbial nanotechnology in agriculture and plant science is the main emphasis of this review. The present review highlights the methods of biological synthesis of nanoparticles available with a major focus on microbially synthesized nanoparticles, parameters and biochemistry involved. Further, it takes into account the genetic engineering and synthetic biology involved in microbial nanobiosynthesis to the construction of microbial nanofactories.

Bioformulation of mineral solubilizing microbes as novel microbial consortium for the growth promotion of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under the controlled and natural conditions.

Microbes are a worthwhile organism of the earth that could be formulated as consortium which can be utilized as biofertilizers. Consortium-based bioinoculants or biofertilizers are superior to single strain-based inoculants for sustainable agricultural productivity and increased micronutrient content in yield. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of different combinations of beneficial bacteria that are more effective than single-based bioinoculants. The current work focuses on the isolation of rhizospheric microorganisms from various cereals and pseudocereal crops and the development of a single inoculum as well as a bacterial consortium which were evaluated on wheat crop. A total 214 rhizospheric bacteria were sorted out and, screened for mineral solubilizing attributes i.e., phosphorus, potassium, zinc and selenium solubilization. Among all the bacterial isolates, four potential strains exhibiting P, K, Zn and Se-solubilizing attributes were identified with the help of 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Rahnella aquatilis EU-A3Rb1, Erwinia aphidicola EU-A2RNL1, Brevibacillus brevis EU-C3SK2, and Bacillus mycoides EU-WRSe4, respectively. The identified strains formulated as a consortium which were found to improve the plant growth and physiological parameters in comparison to single culture inoculants and control. To the best of our knowledge, the present investigation is the first report that has developed the consortium from bacterial strains Rahnella aquatilis EU-A3Rb1, Erwinia aphidicola EU-A2RNL1, Brevibacillus brevis EU-C3SK2, and Bacillus mycoides EU-WRSe4. A combination of bacterial strains could be used as liquid inoculants for cereal crops growing in mountainous regions.

Microbial Consortia: Promising Tool as Plant Bioinoculants for Agricultural Sustainability.

In the present scenario, growing population demands more food, resulting in the need for sustainable agriculture. Numerous approaches are explored in response to dangers and obstacles to sustainable agriculture. A viable approach is to be exploiting microbial consortium, which generate diverse biostimulants with growth-promoting characteristics for plants. These bioinoculants play an indispensable role in optimizing nutrient uptake efficiency mitigating environmental stress. Plant productivity is mostly determined by the microbial associations that exist at the rhizospheric region of plants. The engineered consortium with multifunctional attributes can be effectively employed to improve crop growth efficacy. A number of approaches have been employed to identify the efficient consortia for plant growth and enhanced crop productivity. Various plant growth-promoting (PGP) microbes with host growth-supporting characteristics were investigated to see if they might work cohesively and provide a cumulative effect for improved growth and crop yield. The effective microbial consortia should be assessed using compatibility tests, pot experimentation techniques, generation time, a novel and quick plant bioassay, and sensitivity to external stimuli (temperature, pH). The mixture of two or more microbial strains found in the root microbiome stimulates plant growth and development. The present review deals with mechanism, formulation, inoculation process, commercialization, and applications of microbial consortia as plant bioinoculants for agricultural sustainability.

Bacterial biopesticides: Biodiversity, role in pest management and beneficial impact on agricultural and environmental sustainability.

Agro-environmental sustainability is based upon the adoption of efficient resources in agro-practices that have a nominal impact on the ecosystem. Insect pests are responsible for causing severe impacts on crop productivity. Wide ranges of agro-chemicals have been employed over the last 50 years to overcome crop yield losses due to insect pests. But better knowledge about the hazards due to chemical pesticides and other pest resistance and resurgence issues necessitates an alternative for pest control. The applications of biological pesticides offer a best alternate that is safe, cost-effective, easy to adoption and successful against various insect pests and pathogens. Like other organisms, insects can get a wide range of diseases from various microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, and nematodes. In order to create agricultural pest management practices that are environmentally beneficial, bacterial entomopathogens are being thoroughly studied. Utilization of bacterial biopesticides has been adopted for the protection of agricultural products. The different types of toxin complexes released by various microorganisms and their mechanisms of action are recapitulated. The present review described the diversity and biocontrol prospective of certain bacteria and summarised the potential of bacterial biopesticides for the management of agricultural pests, insects, and other phytopathogenic microorganisms in agricultural practices.

Silicon derived benefits to combat biotic and abiotic stresses in fruit crops: Current research and future challenges.

Fruit crops are frequently subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses that can significantly reduce the absorption and translocation of essential elements, ultimately leading to a decrease in crop yield. It is imperative to grow fruits and vegetables in areas prone to drought, salinity, and extreme high, and low temperatures to meet the world's minimum nutrient demand. The use of integrated approaches, including supplementation of beneficial elements like silicon (Si), can enhance plant resilience under various stresses. Silicon is the second most abundant element on the earth crust, following oxygen, which plays a significant role in development and promote plant growth. Extensive efforts have been made to explore the advantages of Si supplementation in fruit crops. The application of Si to plants reinforces the cell wall, providing additional support through enhancing a mechanical and biochemical processes, thereby improving the stress tolerance capacity of crops. In this review, the molecular and physiological mechanisms that explain the beneficial effects of Si supplementation in horticultural crop species have been discussed. The review describes the role of Si and its transporters in mitigation of abiotic stress conditions in horticultural plants.

Microbial consortium with multifunctional attributes for the plant growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.).

In the past few decades, the pressure of higher food production to satisfy the demand of ever rising population has inevitably increased the use synthetic agrochemicals which have deterioration effects. Biostimulants containing beneficial microbes (single inoculants and microbial consortium) were found as an ideal substitute of synthetic chemical fertilizers. In recent years, microbial consortium is known as a better bioinoculant in comparison to single inoculant bioformulation because of multifarious plant growth-promoting advantages. Looking at the advantageous effect of consortium, in present investigation, different bacteria were isolated from rhizospheric soil and plant samples collected from the Himalayan mountains on the green slopes of the Shivaliks, Himachal Pradesh. The isolated bacteria were screened for nitrogen (N) fixation, phosphorus (P) solubilization and potassium (K) solubilization plant growth promoting attributes, and efficient strains were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing and BLASTn analysis. The bacteria showing a positive effect in NPK uptake were developed as bacterial consortium for the growth promotion of eggplant crop. A total of 188 rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria were sorted out, among which 13 were exhibiting nitrogenase activity, whereas 43 and 31 were exhibiting P and K solubilization traits, respectively. The selected three efficient and potential bacterial strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Enterobacter ludwigii EU-BEN-22 (N-fixer; 35.68 ± 00.9 nmol C2H4 per mg protein per h), Micrococcus indicus EU-BRP-6 (P-solubilizer; 201 ± 0.004 mg/L), and Pseudomonas gessardii EU-BRK-55 (K-solubilizer; 51.3 ± 1.7 mg/mL), and they were used to develop a bacterial consortium. The bacterial consortium evaluation on eggplant resulted in the improvement of growth (root/shoot length and biomass) and physiological parameters (chlorophyll, carotenoids, total soluble sugar, and phenolic content) of the plants with respect to single culture inoculation, chemical fertilizer, and untreated control. A bacterial consortium having potential to promote plant growth could be used as bioinoculant for horticulture crops growing in hilly regions.

Microbial nanotechnology for agriculture, food, and environmental sustainability: Current status and future perspective.

The field of nanotechnology has the mysterious capacity to reform every subject it touches. Nanotechnology advancements have already altered a variety of scientific and industrial fields. Nanoparticles (NPs) with sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm (nm) are of great scientific and commercial interest. Their functions and characteristics differ significantly from those of bulk metal. Commercial quantities of NPs are synthesized using chemical or physical methods. The use of the physical and chemical approaches remained popular for many years; however, the recognition of their hazardous effects on human well-being and conditions influenced serious world perspectives for the researchers. There is a growing need in this field for simple, non-toxic, clean, and environmentally safe nanoparticle production methods to reduce environmental impact and waste and increase energy productivity. Microbial nanotechnology is relatively a new field. Using various microorganisms, a wide range of nanoparticles with well-defined chemical composition, morphology, and size have been synthesized, and their applications in a wide range of cutting-edge technological areas have been investigated. Green synthesis of the nanoparticles is cost-efficient and requires low maintenance. The present review highlights the synthesis of the nanoparticles by different microbes, their characterization, and their biotechnological potential. It further deals with the applications in biomedical, food, and textile industries as well as its role in biosensing, waste recycling, and biofuel production.

Prospects of earthworm coelomic fluid as a potential therapeutic agent to treat cancer.

Cancer is a major public health concern because it is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As a result, numerous studies have reported the development of new therapeutic compounds with the aim of selectively treating cancer while having little negative influence on healthy cells. In this context, earthworm coelomic fluid has been acknowledged as a rich source of several bioactive substances that may exhibit promising anticancer activity. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to evaluate the findings of the reported studies exploring the antitumor effects of coelomic fluid in the context of its possible utilization as a natural therapeutic agent to cure different types of cancer. The possible mechanisms underlying the coelomic fluid's anticancerous potential as well as the possibility for future development of cutting-edge therapeutic agents utilizing coelomic fluid-derived natural bioactive compounds to treat cancer disorders have been discussed along with future challenges. In addition, the feasibility of encapsulation of bioactive compounds derived from coelomic fluid with nanomaterials that could be further explored to attain more effective anticancer competence is discussed.

Rice Straw Waste-Based Biogas Production via Microbial Digestion: A Review.

The development of sustainable and renewable energy production is in high demand, and bioenergy production via microbial digestion of organic wastes is in prime focus. Biogas produced from the microbial digestion of organic waste is the most promising among existing biofuel options. In this context, biogas production from lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most viable and promising technologies for sustainable biofuel production. In the present review, an assessment and feasibility advancement have been presented towards the sustainable production of biogas from rice straw waste. Rice straw (RS) is abundantly available, contains a high composition of cellulose, and is found under the category of lignocellulosic waste, but it may cause severe environmental issues if not treated. Whereas, due to its high cellulose and inorganic content, lower cost, and huge availability, this waste can be effectively valorized into biogas production at a lower cost on a commercial scale. Therefore, the present review provides existing insight in this area by focusing on the operational parameter's improvement and advancement in the research for the expansion of mass-scale production at a lower cost. Thus, the presented review analyzed the processing parameters status, associated challenges, and positive endnote solutions for more sustainable viability for biogas production.

Bionanofabrication of Cupric oxide catalyst from Water hyacinth based carbohydrate and its impact on cellulose deconstructing enzymes production under solid state fermentation.

One of the most important properties of cellulolytic enzyme is its ability to convert cellulosic polymer into monomeric fermentable sugars which are carbohydrate by nature can efficiently convert into biofuels. However, higher production costs of these enzymes with moderate activity-based stability are the main obstacles to making cellulase-based applications sustainably viable, and this has necessitated rigorous research for the economical availability of this process. Using water hyacinth (WH) waste leaves as the substrate for cellulase production under solid state fermentation (SSF) while treating the fermentation production medium with CuO (cupric oxide oxide) bionanocatalyst have been examined as ways to make fungal cellulase production economically feasible. Herein, a sustainable green synthesis of CuO bionanocatalyst has been performed by using waste leaves of WH. Through XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and TEM analysis, the prepared CuO bionanocatalyst's physicochemical properties have been evaluated. Furthermore, the effect of CuO bionanocatalyst on the temperature stability of raw cellulases was observed, and its half-life stability was found to be up to 9 h at 65 °C. The results presented in the current investigation may have broad scope for mass trials for various industrial applications, such as cellulosic biomass conversion.

Biologically derived copper oxide-based nanocatalyst using Moringa oleifera leaves and its applications in hydrolytic enzymes and biohydrogen production.

Due to the limited availability of fossil fuels, pollution causing serious environmental issues, and their continuously rising price, the development of low-cost efficient enzymes and their implementation in biomass-based bioenergy industries are highly demanded. In the present work, phytogenic fabrication of copper oxide based nanocatalyst has been performed using moringa leaves and has been characterized using different techniques. Herein, the impact of different dosages of as-prepared nanocatalyst on fungal co-cultured cellulolytic enzyme production under co-substrate fermentation using wheat straw and sugarcane bagasse in 4:2 ratios in solid state fermentation (SSF) has been investigated. An optimal concentration of 25 ppm of nanocatalyst influenced the production of 32 IU/gds of enzyme, which showed thermal stability at 70 °C for 15 h. Additionally, enzymatic bioconversion of rice husk at 70 °C librated 41 g/L of total reducing sugars, which led to the production of 2390 mL/L of cumulative H2 in 120 h.

Microbial cellulase production and stability investigations via graphene like carbon nanostructure derived from paddy straw.

Cellulases are among the most in-demand bioprocess enzymes, and the high cost of production, combined with their low enzymatic activity, is the main constraint, particularly in the biofuels industry. As a result, low-cost enzyme production modes with high activity and stability have emerged as the primary focus of research. Here, a method for producing a graphene like carbon nanostructure (GLCNs) has been investigated utilizing paddy straw (Ps), and its physicochemical characteristics have been examined using a variety of techniques including XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TEM. Further, the pretreatment of Ps feedstock for cellulase production was done using diluted waste KOH liquid collected during the preparation of the GLCNs. To increase the production and stability of the enzyme, newly prepared GLCNs is utilized as a nanocatalyst. Using 15 mg of GLCNs, 35 IU/gds FP activity was seen after 72 h, followed by 158 IU/gds EG and 114 IU/gds BGL activity in 96 h. This nanocatalyst supported enzyme was thermally stable at 70 °C up to 15 h and exhibited stability at pH 7.0 for 10 h by holding 66 % of its half-life.

Ethnopharmacological Potential of Phytochemicals and Phytogenic Products against Human RNA Viral Diseases as Preventive Therapeutics.

RNA viruses have been the most destructive due to their transmissibility and lack of control measures. Developments of vaccines for RNA viruses are very tough or almost impossible as viruses are highly mutable. For the last few decades, most of the epidemic and pandemic viral diseases have wreaked huge devastation with innumerable fatalities. To combat this threat to mankind, plant-derived novel antiviral products may contribute as reliable alternatives. They are assumed to be nontoxic, less hazardous, and safe compounds that have been in uses in the beginning of human civilization. In this growing COVID-19 pandemic, the present review amalgamates and depicts the role of various plant products in curing viral diseases in humans.

Rice straw derived graphene-silica based nanocomposite and its application in improved co-fermentative microbial enzyme production and functional stability.

Cellulases are the one of the most highly demanded industrial biocatalysts due to their versatile applications, such as in the biorefinery industry. However, relatively poor efficiency and high production costs are included as the key industrial constraints that hinder enzyme production and utilization at economic scale. Furthermore, the production and functional efficiency of the ß-glucosidase (BGL) enzyme is usually found to be relatively low among the cellulase cocktail produced. Thus, the current study focuses on fungi-mediated improvement of BGL enzyme in the presence of a rice straw-derived graphene-silica-based nanocomposite (GSNCs), which has been characterized using various techniques to analyze its physicochemical properties. Under optimized conditions of solid-state fermentation (SSF), co-fermentation using co-cultured cellulolytic enzyme has been done, and maximum enzyme production of 42 IU/gds FP, 142 IU/gds BGL, and 103 IU/gds EG have been achieved at a 5 mg concentration of GSNCs. Moreover, at a 2.5 mg concentration of nanocatalyst, the BGL enzyme showed its thermal stability at 60°C and 70 °C by holding its half-life relative activity for 7 h, while the same enzyme demonstrated pH stability at pH 8.0 and 9.0 for the 10 h. This thermoalkali BGL enzyme might be useful for the long-term bioconversion of cellulosic biomass into sugar.

Prospects of microbial cellulase production using banana peels wastes for antimicrobial applications.

Microorganisms have been extensively studied and used to produce a wide range of enzymes and bioactive substances for a number of uses. Cellulases have also been widely used for a variety of bioprocessing and biotransformation purposes and are acknowledged as the essential enzymes for industrial applications. Broad industrial applications and huge demand essentially require mass-scale and low-cost production of cellulase enzyme. Nevertheless, low-cost production of cellulase enzyme at industrial-level finds certain issues, and this may be mainly associated with the unavailability of cheap and effective substrate to be utilized in fermentation process. In this context, cellulosic wastes are counted as one of the suitable bioresources and have been well explored for low-cost and highly efficient cellulase enzyme productions. Further, banana peels waste is considered as the high cellulose & sugar containing food wastes which is renewable and hugely available worldwide. Therefore, the present review explores the possible utilizations of banana peels as a potential food waste to be employed as substrate to produce cellulase enzymes. Availability and compositional analysis of banana peels has been explored for the microbial cellulase production based on reported studies. Further, this review explores the applications of cellulase enzymes as antimicrobial agents. Based on the available studies and their evaluation, potential limitations and future suggestions for the production of cellulase enzymes and their applications as antibacterial agents have been provided, which have a high potential for numerous biomedical applications and may offer a new opportunity for industrial utility.

Biocontrol potential of mycogenic copper oxide nanoparticles against Alternaria brassicae.

The biological synthesis of nanoparticles using fungal cultures is a promising and novel tool in nano-biotechnology. The potential culture of Trichoderma asperellum (T. asperellum) has been used to synthesize copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in the current study. The necrotrophic infection in Brassica species is caused due to a foliar pathogen Alternaria brassicae (A. brassicae). Mycogenic copper oxide nanoparticles (M-CuO NPs) were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal potential of CuO NPs was studied against A. brassicae. M-CuO NPs exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 303 nm, and XRD confirmed the crystalline phase of NPs. FTIR spectra confirmed the stretching of amide bonds, and the carbonyl bond indicated the presence of enzymes in T. asperellum filtrate. SEM and TEM confirmed the spherical shape of M-CuO NPs with an average size of 22 nm. Significant antifungal potential of M-CuO NPs was recorded, as it inhibited the growth of A. brassicae up to 92.9% and 80.3% in supplemented media with C-CuO NPs at 200 ppm dose. Mancozeb and propiconazole inhibited the radial growth up to 38.7% and 44.2%. SEM confirmed the morphological changes in hyphae and affected the sporulation pattern. TEM revealed hardly recognizable organelles, abnormal cytoplasmic distribution, and increased vacuolization, and light microscopy confirmed the conidia with reduced diameter and fewer septa after treatment with both types of NPs. Thus, M-CuO NPs served as a promising alternative to fungicides.

Antiobesity Potential of Bioactive Constituents from Dichloromethane Extract of Psoralea corylifolia L. Seeds.

Purpose: Effectively controlling the accumulation of adipose tissue can be a therapeutic strategy for treating obesity, which is a global problem. The present study was designed for comparative assessment of in vitro antiobesity activities of the Psoralea corylifolia-dichloromethane seed extract (DCME) and the isolated phytochemicals, bakuchiol, isopsoralen, and psoralen, through antiadipogenesis and pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibition assays. Material and Methods. In vitro pancreatic lipase activity was determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate (p-NPB) to p-nitrophenol at 405 nm, and adipogenesis was assayed in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes (by using Oil Red O staining) using P. corylifolia-dichloromethane seed extract (DCME) and individual compounds, isolated from the extract. Result: Antilipase as well as antiadipogenesis activity was displayed by both the DCME and the compounds. Maximum antilipase property was recorded in DCME (26.02 ± .041%) at 100 µg/ml, while, among the isolated compounds, bakuchiol exhibited a higher activity (24.2 ± 0.037%) at 100 µg/ml concentration, compared to other isolates. DCME was found to exhibit antiadipogenesis property, 75 ± 0.003% lipid accumulation, compared to the control at 100 µg/ml dose. Bakuchiol, isopsoralen, and psoralen inhibited the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, 78.06 ± 0.002%, 80.91 ± 0.004%, and 80.91 ± 0.001%, respectively, lipid accumulation in comparison to control at 25 µM dose. Conclusion: The present study highlights the antiobesity potential of P. corylifolia and its active constituents. Thus, it can be concluded that P. corylifolia has the potential to treat obesity and related diseases; however, further research on dose standardization and clinical trials are required.

Microbial biofilms: Recent advances and progress in environmental bioremediation.

Microbial biofilms are formed by adherence of the bacteria through their secreted polymer matrices. The major constituents of the polymer matrices are extracellular DNAs, proteins, polysaccharides. Biofilms have exhibited a promising role in the area of bioremediation. These activities can be further improved by tuning the parameters like quorum sensing, characteristics of the adhesion surface, and other environmental factors. Organic pollutants have created a global concern because of their long-term toxicity on human, marine, and animal life. These contaminants are not easily degradable and continue to prevail in the environment for an extended period. Biofilms are being used for the remediation of different pollutants, among which organic pollutants have been of significance. The bioremediation of organic contaminants using biofilms is an eco-friendly, cheap, and green process. However, the development of this technology demands knowledge on the mechanism of action of the microbes to form the biofilm, types of specific bacteria or fungi responsible for the degradation of a particular organic compound, and the mechanistic role of the biofilm in the degradation of the pollutants. This review puts forth a comprehensive summary of the role of microbial biofilms in the bioremediation of different environment-threatening organic pollutants.

Microbes in gynecologic cancers: Causes or consequences and therapeutic potential.

Gynecologic cancers, starting in the reproductive organs of females, include cancer of cervix, endometrium, ovary commonly and vagina and vulva rarely. The changes in the composition of microbiome in gut and vagina affect immune and metabolic signaling of the host cells resulting in chronic inflammation, angiogenesis, cellular proliferation, genome instability, epithelial barrier breach and metabolic dysregulation that may lead to the onset or aggravated progression of gynecologic cancers. While microbiome in gynecologic cancers is just at horizon, certain significant microbiome signature associations have been found. Cervical cancer is accompanied with high loads of human papillomavirus, Fusobacteria and Sneathia species; endometrial cancer is reported to have presence of Atopobium vaginae and Porphyromonas species and significantly elevated levels of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes phylum bacteria, with Chlamydia trachomatis, Lactobacillus and Mycobacterium reported in ovarian cancer. Balancing microbiome composition in gynecologic cancers has the potential to be used as a therapeutic target. For example, the Lactobacillus species may play an important role in blocking adhesions of incursive pathogens to vaginal epithelium by lowering the pH, producing bacteriocins and employing competitive exclusions. The optimum or personalized balance of the microbiota can be maintained using pre- and probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantations loaded with specific bacteria. Current evidence strongly suggest that a healthy microbiome can train and trigger the body's immune response to attack various gynecologic cancers. Furthermore, microbiome modulations can potentially contribute to improvements in immuno-oncology therapies.

COVID-19: Impact on linguistic and genetic isolates of India.

The rapid expansion of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has impacted various ethnic groups all over the world. The burden of infectious diseases including COVID-19 are generally reported to be higher for the Indigenous people. The historical knowledge have also suggested that the indigenous populations suffer more than the general populations in the pandemic. Recently, it has been reported that the indigenous groups of Brazil have been massively affected by COVID-19. Series of studies have shown that many of the indigenous communities reached at the verge of extinction due to this pandemic. Importantly, South Asia also has several indigenous and smaller communities, that are living in isolation. Till date, despite the two consecutive waves in India, there is no report on the impact of COVID-19 for indigenous tribes. Since smaller populations experiencing drift may have greater risk of such pandemic, we have analysed Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) among South Asian populations and identified several populations with longer homozygous segments. The longer runs of homozygosity at certain genomic regions may increases the susceptibility for COVID-19. Thus, we suggest extreme careful management of this pandemic among isolated populations of South Asia.