Unraveling the contemporary use of microbial fuel cell in pesticide degradation and simultaneous electricity generation: a review.

Pesticide is an inevitable substance used worldwide to kill pests, but their indiscriminate use has posed serious complications to health and the environment. Various physical, chemical, and biological methods are employed for pesticide treatment, but this paper deals with microbial fuel cell (MFC) as a futuristic technology for pesticide degradation with electricity production. In MFC, organic compounds are utilized as the carbon source for electricity production and the generation of electrons which can be replaced with pollutants such as dyes, antibiotics, and pesticides as carbon sources. However, MFC is been widely studied for a decade for electricity production, but its implementation in pesticide degradation is less known. We fill this void by depicting a real picture of the global pesticide scenario with an eagle eye view of the bioremediation techniques implemented for pesticide treatment with phytoremediation and rhizoremediation as effective techniques for efficient pesticide removal. The enormous literature survey has revealed that not many researchers have ventured into this new arena of MFC employed for pesticide degradation. Based on the Scopus database, an increase in annual trend from 2014 to 2023 is observed for MFC-implemented pesticide remediation. However, a novel MFC to date for effective remediation of pesticides with simultaneous electricity generation is discussed for the first time. Furthermore, the limitation of MFC technology and the implementation of MFC and rhizoremediation as a clubbed system which is the least applied can be seen as promising and futuristic approaches to enhance pesticide degradation by bacteria and electricity as a by-product.

Bacterial Pathogenesis in Various Fish Diseases: Recent Advances and Specific Challenges in Vaccine Development.

Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.

A real-time investigation on public health consequences of chromium laden effluent from the leather industries.

Background: Extensive evidence of elevated chromium (Cr) in the surface and groundwater exists. However, the importance of exposure toward Cr-associated health risks in areas with tanneries is still often neglected. These situations prompted an independent research study to investigate the views of those close-knit communities who are being directly affected by this tannery village. Objectives: To establish an understanding of the local demographics and; exploratory data analysis (EDA) to discover patterns in the occurrence of diseases; measure the awareness of residents of the presence of Cr and its harmful health effects. Methods: The EDA technique was used to conduct survey studies on data to uncover patterns, identify anomalies, test hypotheses, and validate assumptions using summary statistics and graphical representations. Results: Out of 14 diseases directly linked to high Cr toxicity, the study reported high levels of diarrhea, epigastric pain, and moderate-to-severe cases of vertigo among those aged more than 22 years. With over 90 active tanneries and toxic Cr released to the environment in a town of <78 km2 area (1.2 tannery/km), there are only 15 hospitals (0.2 hospitals/km) for the population currently accommodating more than a quarter-million people daily (3205 people/km). Conclusion: New mitigation strategies must be put forth to alleviate the negative impacts of the tanneries on the residents and nature most affected as well as the population as a whole.

Pseudomonas putida APRRJVITS11 as a potent tool in chromium (VI) removal from effluent wastewater.

Bioremediation is an essential feature of microorganisms concerning contaminations in soil and water. The use of microorganisms has been proved to be an effective treatment of industrially released effluents comprising of heavy metals, such as chromium (VI). In the current study, seasonal variations were observed in the concentrations of chromium(VI) as the samples from selected locations showed an increase in mean concentration during the summer compared to the low mean during winter, suggesting excessive evaporation in the summer leading to the heavy metal accumulation. Among the 35 isolates obtained from tannery effluent contaminated wastewater sources the 3 unique strains identified as Streptococcus pyogenes strain APRRJVITS10, Pseudomonas putida strain APRRJVITS11, and Bacillus thuringiensis strain APRRJVITS15, showed tolerance toward chromium(VI) and the maximum tolerance for each strain was 1250 ppm. The media optimization through shake flask methods showed chromium(VI) (in 100 ml LB broth) removal of 47.82%, 48.11%, and 49.93% by S. pyogenes, P. putida, and B. thuringiensis respectively. Further, Pseudomonas putida showed chromium(VI) (in 1500 ml LB broth) removal of 50.48% in optimized conditions, proving to be highly potential for treating effluent wastewater for chromium(VI) removal.

Effective sequestration of chromium by bacterial biosorption: a review.

Bioremediation is an important function of microorganisms in relation to contaminated soils, wastewater and effluent. Microbes have always been demonstrated to be cost-efficient in the treatment of industrial effluents containing heavy metals like chromium(VI). As more and more new and novel isolates are being discovered with having the ability to acclimatize to varying environments. The application of microorganisms, especially that of bacteria, proves to be showing a greater potential as a low costing biotechnological application. The procedure can be adjusted according to the needs and conditional requirements where the bio-absorbents utilized might be either dead or living. Microbial bioabsorption of chromium(VI) stands out to be an alternative for the removal of the toxic contaminant. This review is focused on the different biosorbent features appropriate in the removal of chromium; different types of bioreactors; and the evolution of research with an overview of bioabsorption.

Isolation and characterization of oil degrading bacteria from oil contaminated soils of Vellore district, Tamil Nadu, India.

Oil contaminated soils were collected from oil grinding mill, automobile service stations, and restaurant waste dumping sites of Vellore district for the isolation of oil degrading bacteria. Out of 78 Colony Forming Units, only 16 were found to be potent bacteria. 8 biggest clear zone forming bacteria on trybutyrin plates were studied for their colony morphology and the most potential oil degrader bacteria was then chosen for microbial and biochemical assay. The study showed the most prospective bacteria were Bacillus subtilis with the dimension of 3.45 microm x 0.2 microm. This "microbial oil-destroyer" produces extracellular lipase which utilizes oil, and hence it can be used for the self remediation of lipid contaminated soils and water bodies.