Emociones, creencias y actitudes del personal asistencial hacia habitantes de calle que usan drogas en Medellín, Colombia / Emotions, beliefs and attitudes of healthcare workers towards homeless who use drugs in Medellín, Colombia / Emoções, crenças e atitudes do pessoal de assistência social com os moradores de rua que usam drogas em Medellín, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar algunos aspectos relacionados con el estigma de personal asistencial hacia habitantes de calle consumidores de sustancias psicoactivas. Metodología: Para lograr este objetivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo, con enfoque hermenéutico y de alcance descriptivo, mediante el análisis categorial de las transcripciones de las grabaciones de los discursos de dos grupos focales con 32 participantes, miembros del Sistema de Atención al Habitante de Calle Adulto de Medellín, Colombia. La sistematización y la codificación del análisis se hicieron en un archivo de Excel®, destacándose la emergencia de las categorías: "emociones", "creencias" y "actitudes". Resultados: En los discursos de los participantes, se reiteran contenidos ambivalentes de los estigmas hacia esta población. Por una parte, la frustración en su trabajo, como principal emoción que coincide con las creencias de desconfianza y actitudes evasivas hacia ellos; y, por otro, los sentimientos de gratificación por la labor realizada, acordes con posturas más protectoras y pacientes durante el acompañamiento, pero que no se alejan de un ideal moralista de cero consumos. Conclusión: Reconocer y discutir abiertamente sobre el estigma podría orientar otras formas más humanizadas en la labor con este tipo de población, en tanto se devela que el rol profesional no nos exime del prejuicio, el estereotipo y la discriminación.

Abstract Objective: To identify some aspects related to the stigma of healthcare workers towards the homeless who consume psychoactive substances. Methodology: To achieve this objective, a qualitative study with a hermeneutic approach and descriptive scope was carried out, through the categorical analysis of transcriptions of recorded speeches from two focus groups comprised of 32 participants, members of the System of Attention to the Homeless Adult in Medellín, Colombia. Systematization and analysis encoding were performed in an Excel ® file, highlighting the presence of categories: "emotions", "beliefs" and "attitudes". Results: Ambivalent contents of the stigma towards this population are frequent in participant's speeches. On the one hand, the frustration about healthcare work, as the main emotion that coincides with the beliefs of distrust and evasive attitudes towards the homeless. On the other hand, the feelings of gratification for the work done and the presence of more protective and forbearing attitudes, but that do not alienate from the moralistic ideal of zero consumption. Conclusion: Recognizing and openly discussing stigma could guide more humanized ways of working with this type of population, as it is showed that the healthcare role does not exempt them from prejudice, stereotype and discrimination.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar alguns aspectos relacionados ao estigma do pessoal de assistência social com os moradores de rua consumidores de substâncias psicoativas. Metodologia: Para alcançar este objetivo, foi realizado um estudo qualitativo, com abordagem hermenêutica e âmbito descritivo, através da análise categorial das transcrições das gravações dos discursos de dois grupos focais com 32 participantes, membros do Sistema de Atenção ao Morador de Rua Adulto de Medellín, Colômbia. A sistematização e a codificação da análise foram feitas num arquivo Excel®, destacando-se a emergência das categorias: "emoções", "crenças" e "atitudes". Resultados: Os participantes reiteraram em suas falas, conteúdos ambivalentes dos estigmas dessa população. Por um lado, a frustração em seu trabalho, com emoção principal que coincide com as crenças de desconfiança e atitudes evasivas com eles; e por outro, os sentimentos de gratidão pelo trabalho realizado, de acordo com posturas mais protetoras e pacientes durante o acompanhamento, mas que não se distanciam de um ideal moralista de consumo zero. Conclusão: Reconhecer e discutir abertamente o estigma poderia orientar outras formas mais humanizadas no trabalho com este tipo de população, e ao mesmo tempo se revela que o compromisso profissional não os exime do preconceito, o estereótipo e a discriminação.

Relación entre psicólogos y estudiantes usuarios en el 2014: factor determinante en los servicios de prevención de adicciones de la Universidad de Antioquia / Relationship between psychologist and student users in 2014: a determining factor in Universidad de Antioquia's Addiction Prevention Services / Relação entre psicólogos e estudantes utentes no 2014: fator determinante nos serviços de prevenção de adições da Universidade de Antioquia

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la relación entre psicólogos y estudiantes usuarios que accedieron a los servicios del Programa Educativo de Prevención de Adicciones, servido por la Universidad de Antioquia, sede Medellín, en el 2014, y su influencia en la percepción de la calidad del mismo. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, utilizando herramientas del método conocido como teoría fundada. Se contó con fuentes primarias de información, constituidas por los discursos resultantes de entrevistas aplicadas a estudiantes que hubieran accedido al programa. Las herramientas de recolección fueron entrevista semiestructurada y entrevista a profundidad. Resultados: La calidad percibida del programa está condicionada significativamente por la relación entre los psicólogos y los estudiantes usuarios, teniendo en cuenta, por parte de los últimos, aspectos como la percepción positiva de los servicios y el cumplimiento de sus necesidades y expectativas. Conclusión: El buen trato, la amabilidad y la confianza que los psicólogos generen en los estudiantes usuarios se reconocen como elementos determinantes en la adhesión al proceso y la percepción de calidad de los servicios.

Abstract Objective: To describe the relationship between psychologists and student users who attended the addiction prevention program offered by Universidad de Antioquia, at the Medellin campus, in 2014, and its influence on the perception of the quality of the program. Methodology: A qualitative research was conducted using tools of the method known as Grounded Theory. The primary information sources of this study were discourses resulting from interviews with students who had accessed the program. The Collection tools were a semi-structured interview and an in-depth interview. Results: Perceived program qualityis conditioned significantly by the relationship between psychologists and student users, taking into account, on the part of the latter, aspects as a positive perception of services and the fulfillment of their needs and expectations. Conclusion: Good treatment, kindness and the trust that psychologists build with student users are recognized as determining elements in continuing the process and in service quality perception.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a relação entre psicólogos e estudantes utentes que acessaram aos serviços do Programa Educativo de Prevenção das Adições, oferecido pela Universidade de Antioquia, na Sé do Medellín, no 2014, e a sua influência na percepção da qualidade do mesmo. Metodologia: Se realizou uma investigação qualitativa, utilizando ferramentas do método conhecido como teoria fundada. Se contou com fontes primarias de informação, constituídas pelos discursos resultantes de entrevistas aplicadas a esses estudantes que tiveram acedido ao programa. As ferramentas de coleta foram a entrevista semiestruturada e entrevista aprofundada. Resultantes: A qualidade percebida do programa está condicionada significativamente pela relação entre os psicólogos e os estudantes utentes, levando a sério, por parte dos últimos, aspectos como a percepção positiva dos serviços e a adimplência na frente dessas, as suas necessidades e expectativas. Conclusão: O bom atendimento, a amabilidade e a confiança que os psicólogos gerem nos estudantes utentes sejam reconhecidos como elementos determinantes na aderência ao processo e a percepção de qualidade dos serviços.

Virus Respiratorios en Menores de Diez Años con Infección Respiratoria en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá 2000-2001 / Respiratory virus in children aged less than 10 years old suffering from respiratory infection in the Hospital Militar Central in Bogota from 2000-2001

Objetivo: Se llevo a cabo un estudio en niños que consultaban por infección respiratoria aguda al Hospital Militar (Hosmil) de Bogota, Colombia, con el objetivo de estimar la frecuencia de enfermedad respiratoria aguda en esa institución producida por algunos virus respiratorios. Métodos: Durante 18 meses, de Marzo de 2000 a Septiembre de 2001, se seleccionaron semanalmente tres a cinco niños con infección respiratoria de aquellos que consultaban al servicio de emergencia o de consulta ambulatoria del Hospital. De cada uno de ellos se obtuvo muestras nasofaringeas que fueron examinadas por inmunofluorescencia para virus sincitial respiratorio (VSR), influenza, adenovirus y parainfluenza. Resultados: Se estudiaron 139 niños de los cuales el 40 por ciento fue positivo para alguno de los virus estudiados. El agente viral mas frecuentemente encontrado fue el VSR (27 por ciento), seguido por el virus de la influenza (5 por ciento) y adenovirus (3 por ciento). La circulación de VSR coincidía con los picos de hospitalizaciones por IRA y por neumonía y del hospital, era mas frecuente en los niños menores de 3 años y se encontraba presente durante todo el año. Conclusiones: Los virus respiratorios causan gran parte de la enfermedad respiratoria moderada o severa en el Hosmil y el VSR es el agente más importante entre ellos.

Objective: A study was carried out on children seeking medical care at the Hospital Militar (Hosmil) in Bogota due to acute respiratory infection; it was aimed at estimating the frequency of respiratory virus-associated acute respiratory disease (ARD) in children aged under 10. Methods: Three to five children aged less than 10 years old were selected every week from the hospital's emergency ward or ambulatory services over an 18-month period from March 2000 to September 2001. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from them and processed using indirect immunofluorescence. The relative frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, adenovirus and parainfluenza were calculated. Results: Around 40 percent of the 139 children examined proved positive for at least one respiratory virus. RSV was the most frequently found virus (27 percent positivity: 38 patients) followed by influenza (5 percent: 7 patients) and adenovirus (3 percent: 4 patients). RSV circulation peaks coincided with peaks related to ARD and pneumonia in the hospital: it was found most frequently in children aged less than 3 and was present throughout the year. Conclusion: Respiratory viruses were an important cause of moderate to severe respiratory illness in children seeking health care at Hosmil; RSV was the leading agent amongst such viruses.

[Adenovirus in children under five years of age. Circulation patterns and clinical and epidemiological characteristics in Colombia, 1997-2003]. / Adenovirus en Niños Menores de Cinco Años. Patrones de Circulación, Características Clínicas y Epidemiológicas en Colombia, 1997-2003.

OBJECTIVE: The Colombian National Institute of Health has been studying the epidemiology of several respiratory viruses since 1997 to identify their circulation patterns and the role they play as pathogenic agents of acute and/or moderate respiratory infection (RI) in children aged less than 5. METHODS: The study used sentinel surveillance methods in sentinel hospitals in Bogotá and Manizales. Four to eight nasopharyngeal samples were collected every week in the sentinel hospitals from children aged less than five consulting for low or high RI. Nasopharyngeal samples were processed by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS: 1,743 children were examined from January 1997 to December 2003; 35 % were found to be positive for respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus was found more frequently while adenovirus was found in 47 patients (2,6 % of the sample; 1,4-2,5 % 95 %CI). Adenovirus was detected throughout the year (excepting January) but peaks occurred in March, July, October and December. Most patients were hospitalised (50-87%) and were in need of oxygen support. Fatality:case ratio was 7%; B7, 2, C1, and B3 serotypes were identified. CONCLUSION: The data suggested that respiratory infection due to adenovirus was a low frequency event amongst the children seeking medical care at the sentinel hospitals. However, when respiratory disease was caused by adenovirus, it was severe.

Adenovirus en Niños Menores de Cinco Años: patrones de Circulación, Características Clínicas y Epidemiológicas en Colombia, 1997-2003 / Adenovirus in children under five years of age: circulation patterns and clinical and epidemiological characteristics in Colombia, 1997-2003

Objetivo: Desde 1997 el Instituto Nacional de Salud vigila la ocurrencia de algunos virus respiratorios con el fin de identificar sus patrones de circulación y el papel que tienen en la ocurrencia de enfermedad respiratoria moderada o severa, en niños menores de 5 años. Métodos: La vigilancia está basada en hospitales centinela de Bogotá y Manizales en los que todas las semanas se recolectan 4 a 8 muestras nasofaríngeas, de niños menores de cinco años que consultan por enfermedad respiratoria alta o baja. Las muestras son procesadas por inmunofluorescencia indirecta. Resultados: De Enero de 1997 a Diciembre de 2003 se examinaron 1 743 pacientes y se encontraron virus respiratorios en 35 por ciento de las muestras procesadas. El adenovirus se encontró en 47 casos (2,6 por ciento, IC95 por ciento 1,4-3,5 por ciento) y fue detectado durante todos los meses, excepto enero, con picos en marzo, julio, octubre y diciembre. La mayoría de los pacientes requirieron hospitalización (50 a 87 por ciento) y soporte con oxigeno y la razón muerte/caso fue de 7 por ciento. Los serotipos de adenovirus encontrados fueron B7, 2, C1 y B3. Conclusiones: Los datos del presente estudio datos sugieren que en nuestro medio los adenovirus no son los agentes mas frecuentes de enfermedad respiratoria pero, cuando están presentes, producen enfermedad severa.

Objective: The Colombian National Institute of Health has been studying the epidemiology of several respiratory viruses since 1997 to identify their circulation patterns and the role they play as pathogenic agents of acute and/or moderate respiratory infection (RI) in children aged less than 5. Methods: The study used sentinel surveillance methods in sentinel hospitals in Bogotá and Manizales. Four to eight nasopharyngeal samples were collected every week in the sentinel hospitals from children aged less than five consulting for low or high RI. Nasopharyngeal samples were processed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results: 1 743 children were examined from January 1997 to December 2003; 35 percent were found to be positive for respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus was found more frequently while adenovirus was found in 47 patients (2,6 percent of the sample; 1,4-2,5 percent 95 percentCI). Adenovirus was detected throughout the year (excepting January) but peaks occurred in March, July, October and December. Most patients were hospitalised (50-87 percent) and were in need of oxygen support. Fatality:case ratio was 7 percent; B7, 2, C1, and B3 serotypes were identified. Conclusion: The data suggested that respiratory infection due to adenovirus was a low frequency event amongst the children seeking medical care at the sentinel hospitals. However, when respiratory disease was caused by adenovirus, it was severe.

[Respiratory virus in children aged less than 10 years old suffering from respiratory infection in the Hospital Militar Central in Bogota from 2000-2001]. / Virus Respiratorios en Menores de Diez Años con Infección Respiratoria en el Hospital Militar Central de Bogotá 2000-2001.

OBJECTIVE: A study was carried out on children seeking medical care at the Hospital Militar (Hosmil) in Bogota due to acute respiratory infection; it was aimed at estimating the frequency of respiratory virus-associated acute respiratory disease (ARD) in children aged under 10. METHODS: Three to five children aged less than 10 years old were selected every week from the hospital's emergency ward or ambulatory services over an 18-month period from March 2000 to September 2001. Nasopharyngeal samples were obtained from them and processed using indirect immunofluorescence. The relative frequency of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, adenovirus and parainfluenza were calculated. RESULTS: Around 40% of the 139 children examined proved positive for at least one respiratory virus. RSV was the most frequently found virus (27% positivity: 38 patients) followed by influenza (5%: 7 patients) and adenovirus (3%: 4 patients). RSV circulation peaks coincided with peaks related to ARD and pneumonia in the hospital: it was found most frequently in children aged less than 3 and was present throughout the year. CONCLUSION: Respiratory viruses were an important cause of moderate to severe respiratory illness in children seeking health care at Hosmil; RSV was the leading agent amongst such viruses.