Morphological and molecular characterisation of two closely related species: Myxobolus tihanyensis n. sp. and Myxobolus sandrae Reuss, 1906.

Based on spore morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences, we describe a new Myxobolus species, Myxobolus tihanyensis n. sp., parasitizing the European perch (Perca fluviatilis) from Lake Balaton in Hungary. The brownish plasmodia were found in various locations of the body, mainly in the muscle adjacent with fins and vertebrae. The spores were ovoid, and measured 9.84 ± 0.38 µm in length, 7.69 ± 0.23 µm in width, and 5.35 ± 0.21 µm in thickness, with 8-10 sutural (edge) markings. The polar capsules were mostly equal in size, with 4.91 ± 0.39 µm in length and 2.27 ± 0.24 µm in width. The polar tubule length is 38.15 µm ± 2.70, and coiled 6-7 times. In particular, these morphological data overlap with those of Myxobolus sandrae Reuss1906 infecting the European perch (Perca fluviatilis), the pikeperch (Sander lucioperca), and the Volga pikeperch (Sander volgensis) according to previous descriptions and the taxonomic data here described. However, the phylogenetic analyses separate the two species as sister clades with 16.8% genetic distance. This study has demonstrated that the two species of Myxobolus exhibit phenotypic similarity while displaying significant genetic divergence. Therefore, the importance of including molecular data in the taxonomic description of myxozoans is emphasized.

The first detection of Myxobolus lentisuturalis Dyková, Fiala et Nie, 2002, a highly pathogenic muscle-infecting parasite of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Berg, 1932) in Hungary.

Myxobolus lentisuturalis is a myxosporean parasite infecting the musculature both of goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) and gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). The species was originally described in China from gibel carp that is a common fish for sport fishing in Hungary meanwhile is one of the most popular farmed fish in China due to its high demand. Eighteen gibel carp with distortions were collected from a barrage pond in southern Hungary. All fish had large humps in the dorsolateral region due to infection of the muscle between the head and the dorsal fin. The swollen degenerated tissue was filled with myxozoan spores, which were collected for morphological and molecular studies. By size and morphology, the spores were consistent with morphological description of M. lentisuturalis. Histopathological examination showed that the formation of plasmodia containing myxospores leads to severe destruction of muscle tissue. The 18S ribosomal DNA and 28S ribosomal DNA data of the samples presented matched with previous sequences of M. lentisuturalis in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that our sequences belong to a monophyletic group with them supported by a high bootstrap. This study highlights the occurrence of a highly pathogenic myxozoan, M. lentisuturalis in Hungary as a new geographical location.

Scientific seminars in lockdown: Lessons for a post-pandemic time in defense of a permanent platform for science dissemination in the world.

In an academic semester, living in social isolation and under restrictions of the pandemic, we organized weekly multidisciplinary seminars from a postgraduate course program in Curitiba, Southern Brazil, integrating students from different regions of Brazil and South America. Outstanding researchers from Brazil, Germany, France, Argentina, Mexico, Portugal, England, and United States' institutions gave seminars on chronic and infectious diseases with immunological, pharmacological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular biology point of views. The meetings were longer than traditional seminars, containing a part with scientific debate and other with a humanization or deconstruction of the researcher including trajectory, hobbies, scientific, and social thoughts. To facilitate learning and conceptualization, the seminars were available through YouTube and we applied weekly questionnaires to be answered rescuing scientific and motivational topics to give companionship and support to the students in pandemic times. Here, we are defending the creation of permanent platforms for scientific diffusion, with higher accessibility, connecting centers of different levels and giving academic excellence and opportunities for young researchers. Feedback received from participants indicates that this seminar structure can increase confidence and improve their perception of scientific processes and inspire researchers with development trajectories. We have discussed multidisciplinarity, scientific excellence, regional isolation and economic inequality, integration, humanization, and the value of science in society.

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cervical Cancer Tissues Identifies Proteins Associated With Cancer Progression.

BACKGROUND/AIM: To date, several proteomics studies in cervical cancer (CC) have focused mainly on squamous cervical cancer (SCC). Our study aimed to discover and clarify differences in SCC and CAD that may provide valuable information for the identification of proteins involved in tumor progression, in CC as a whole, or specific for SCC or CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total protein extracts from 15 individual samples corresponding to 5 different CC tissue types were compared with a non-cancerous control group using bidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS), isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (ITRAQ), principal component analysis (PCA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS: A total of 622 statistically significant different proteins were detected. Exocytosis-related proteins were the most over-represented, accounting for 25% of the identified and quantified proteins. Based on the experimental results, reticulocalbin 3 (RCN3) and Ras-related protein Rab-14 (RAB14) were chosen for further downstream in vitro and vivo analyses. RCN3 was overexpressed in all CC tissues compared to the control and RAB14 was overexpressed in squamous cervical cancer (SCC) compared to invasive cervical adenocarcinoma (CAD). In the tumor xenograft experiment, RAB14 protein expression was positively correlated with increased tumor size. In addition, RCN3-expressing HeLa cells induced a discrete size increment compared to control, at day 47 after inoculation. CONCLUSION: RAB14 and RCN3 are suggested as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of CC.

Active learning tools improve the learning outcomes, scientific attitude, and critical thinking in higher education: Experiences in an online course during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Active teaching methodologies have been placed as a hope for changing education at different levels, transiting from passive lecture-centered to student-centered learning. With the health measures of social distance, the COVID-19 pandemic forced a strong shift to remote education. With the challenge of delivering quality education through a computer screen, we validated and applied an online course model using active teaching tools for higher education. We incorporated published active-learning strategies into an online construct, with problem-based inquiry and design of inquiry research projects to serve as our core active learning tool. The gains related to students' science learning experiences and their attitudes toward science were assessed by applying questionnaires before, during, and after the course. The course counted on the participation of 83 students, most of them (60.8%) from postgraduate students. Our results show that engagement provided by active learning methods can improve performance both in hard and soft skills. Students' participation seems to be more relevant when activities require the interaction of information, prediction, and reasoning, such as open-ended questions and design of research projects. Therefore, our data show that, in pandemic, active learning tools benefit students and improve their critical thinking and their motivation and positive positioning in science.

Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) from Octopus bimaculatus Verrill, 1883 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) from the Gulf of California, Mexico.

The Apicomplexa Aggregata spp. are intracellular parasites of cephalopods that infect the intestinal tract of commercially important species such as Octopus bimaculatus, which sustains the octopus fishery in Baja California (B.C.), Mexico. In this study, Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. was described from the cecum of O. bimaculatus collected from Bahia de Los Angeles, B. C. Light and electron microscopy revealed that oocysts and sporocysts were spherical to ovoid in shape. Sporulated oocysts (293-835 × 177-688 µm) contained 135-674 sporocysts (12-24 × 11-22 µm). The sporocyst wall was covered by tubular projections (0.55-2.19 µm in length) bifurcated in the top, unevenly distributed, covered by a thin membrane. Each sporocyst contains 11-13 sporozoites (16-26 × 1.20-3 µm). Three partial sequences of the 18S rDNA gene were obtained, and two phylogenetic approaches were performed according to Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood. In both phylogenetic reconstructions, the sequences of A. polibraxiona n. sp. were recovered as a monophyletic group within the genus Aggregata and placed as a sister group to Aggregata octopiana Lineage II. Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. is the first Apicomplexa described from a cephalopod host from Mexico and extends the geographical range of Apicomplexa infecting cephalopods.

Síndrome de ojo seco, a propósito de un caso / Dry eye syndrome, a propos of a case

Se describe el cuadro clínico de una paciente de 65 años de edad atendida en la ciudad de Itapua Paraguay en el mes de Abril del 2013 por el servicio de oftalmología de la Misión Milagro, que acudió refiriendo síntomas subjetivos de disminución marcada de la visión, disminución del lagrimeo, ardor constante, molestias en ambos ojos y pérdida de la visión del ojo contralateral con parpados adheridos que le era imposible de abrir por completo; de varios años de evolución. Con antecedentes patológicos personales de Artritis reumatoide. Había acudido a varios médicos, que le recomendaron asistiera a consulta de un oftalmólogo, cosa esta que no pudo por el alto costo que representaba, por lo que solo acudió con curanderos que le recomendaron varios tratamientos con hierbas medicinales y con el cursar de los años fue empeorando, hasta que logro saber de la misión milagro(AU)

It was performed the clinical manifestation of a 65-year-old patient treated in Itapua city in Paraguay in April 2013 by the Ophthalmology service of the miracle mission, which came to this service referring subjective symptoms of marked decrease of the vision, decreased of tearing, constant burning, discomfort in both eyes and loss of vision in the contralateral eye with adhere eyelids that it was impossible to open totally of several years of evolution. With personal medical history of rheumatoid arthritis who had gone to several doctors, that recommended a consultation of an ophthalmologist, it could not be possible because of the high cost that represented, so only folk healer assisted and recommended several treatments with medicinal herbs and it was getting worse by the years, until the miracle mission that Cuba offered in that country and came to us in the condition described. It was carried out an exhaustive ocular test and it was diagnosed as a syndrome of dry eye(EU)

Correlation between viral load of cytomegalovirus and tacrolimus and sirolimus levels in transplanted pediatric patients / Correlación entre la carga viral de citomegalovirus y los niveles de tacrolimus y sirolimus en pacientes pediátricos trasplantados

Abstract: Introduction: Survival of transplant patients and grafts depends largely on the use of immunosuppressive drugs. However, a balance remains to be established among immunosuppression, transplant rejection and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, which results in a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to define a better strategy for monitoring transplanted patients based on the analysis of the blood concentration of sirolimus and tacrolimus and the burden of CMV. Methods: Fifty five post-transplant (kidney and liver) pediatric patients, nine treated with sirolimus and 46 treated with tacrolimus, were included. A total of 541 measurements were obtained. In each measurement the concentration of immunosuppressant in whole blood and CMV viral load in plasma and whole blood was quantified by real-time PCR. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was estimated. Results: Values of r ≤ 0.0747 were found for the relationship between dose and concentration of immunosuppressant; r = 0.9406 for the relationship between viral load in whole blood and plasma, and r ≤ 0.4616 for the relationship between concentration of immunosuppressant and viral load. Conclusions: These data support that the doses of immunosuppressive drugs do not correlate with the levels of the same in whole blood. Therefore, systemic levels of immunosuppressant should be constantly monitored together with CMV load. Meanwhile, a high correlation between viral load measured in whole blood and plasma was found.

Resumen: Introducción: La supervivencia de pacientes trasplantados y de los injertos depende en gran medida del uso de fármacos inmunosupresores. Sin embargo, aún no se ha logrado establecer un balance entre la inmunosupresión, el rechazo al trasplante y la infección por citomegalovirus (CMV), lo cual deriva en una alta tasa de morbilidad y mortalidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue definir una mejor estrategia de seguimiento de los pacientes trasplantados a partir del análisis de la concentración en sangre de sirolimus y tacrolimus y la carga de CMV. Métodos: Se incluyeron 55 pacientes pediátricos post-trasplante (riñón e hígado), nueve en tratamiento con sirolimus y 46 en tratamiento con tacrolimus. Se obtuvieron 541 mediciones en total. En cada medición se cuantificó la concentración de inmunosupresor en sangre total y la carga viral de CMV en plasma y sangre total mediante PCR en tiempo real. Se calculó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r). Resultados: Se encontraron valores de r ≤ 0.0747 para la relación entre dosis y concentración del inmunosupresor; de r = 0.9406 para la relación de la carga viral entre suero y sangre total y de r ≤ 0.4616 para la relación entre concentración de inmunosupresor y carga viral. Conclusiones: Estos datos apoyan que la dosis de los fármacos inmunosupresores no correlaciona con los niveles de los mismos en sangre total. Por ello, deben ser constantemente monitoreados junto con la carga viral. Por su parte, se encontró alta correlación entre la carga viral medida en sangre total y plasma.

Correlation between viral load of cytomegalovirus and tacrolimus and sirolimus levels in transplanted pediatric patients.

INTRODUCTION: Survival of transplant patients and grafts depends largely on the use of immunosuppressive drugs. However, a balance remains to be established among immunosuppression, transplant rejection and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, which results in a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to define a better strategy for monitoring transplanted patients based on the analysis of the blood concentration of sirolimus and tacrolimus and the burden of CMV. METHODS: Fifty five post-transplant (kidney and liver) pediatric patients, nine treated with sirolimus and 46 treated with tacrolimus, were included. A total of 541 measurements were obtained. In each measurement the concentration of immunosuppressant in whole blood and CMV viral load in plasma and whole blood was quantified by real-time PCR. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was estimated. RESULTS: Values of r ≤0.0747 were found for the relationship between dose and concentration of immunosuppressant; r = 0.9406 for the relationship between viral load in whole blood and plasma, and r ≤0.4616 for the relationship between concentration of immunosuppressant and viral load. CONCLUSIONS: These data support that the doses of immunosuppressive drugs do not correlate with the levels of the same in whole blood. Therefore, systemic levels of immunosuppressant should be constantly monitored together with CMV load. Meanwhile, a high correlation between viral load measured in whole blood and plasma was found.

Propuesta de la Reflexología como Terapéutica para la Diabetes Mellitus. Yara. 2013 / A Reflexology Proposal as a Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus. Yara. 2013

Se realizó una investigación clínico-terapéutico, comparativo a una muestra de 50 pacientes que cursa por dos fases, en la primera de ella se realizó un estudio descriptivo para realizar el diagnóstico de morbilidad por la Diabetes Mellitus y en la segunda fase a partir del diagnóstico proponer y validar una nueva terapéutica para determinar la efectividad de la Reflexología en la Diabetes Mellitus. La investigación se realizó en el Policlínico Docente Universitario Luis Enrique de la Paz, de Yara, Granma, de septiembre 2013 a septiembre 2014, la información se procesó mediante el análisis estadístico, expresándose a través de tablas. Se demostró que existe Morbilidad por Diabetes Mellitus en la población estudiada, existiendo predominio de los casos del sexo femenino con respecto al sexo masculino, encontrándose la mayor cantidad de casos en el grupo etáreo de 31 a 40 años, con vínculo laboral. En la segunda fase del estudio validamos la modalidad terapéutica basada en la Reflexología Podálica como adecuada para la estabilidad de la Diabetes Mellitus(AU)

It was carried out a comparative clinical-therapeutic research on a sample of 50 patients coursing two phases; in the first one it was made a descriptive study for the morbidity diagnosis due to diabetes mellitus and in the second phase it was proposed and validated a new therapy to determine the effectiveness of Reflexology in Diabetes Mellitus. The investigation was performed at the University Polyclinic Luis Enrique de la Paz in Yara, Granma, from September 2013 to September 2014. The information was processed through the statistical analysis and evidenced in tables. It was proved that there was Morbidity caused by Diabetes Mellitus in the population studied, prevailing the female sex, with the greatest number of cases in the age group of 31-40 years. In the second phase of the study we validated a therapeutic modality based on Podalic Reflexology, considered suitable for the stability of Diabetes Mellitus(EU)

Síndrome de ojo seco, a propósito de un caso / Dry eye syndrome, a propos of a case

Se describe el cuadro clínico de una paciente de 65 años de edad atendida en la ciudad de Itapua Paraguay en el mes de Abril del 2013 por el servicio de oftalmología de la Misión Milagro, que acudió refiriendo síntomas subjetivos de disminución marcada de la visión, disminución del lagrimeo, ardor constante, molestias en ambos ojos y pérdida de la visión del ojo contralateral con párpados adheridos que le era imposible de abrir por completo; de varios años de evolución. Con antecedentes patológicos personales de Artritis reumatoide. Había acudido a varios médicos, que le recomendaron asistiera a consulta de un oftalmólogo, cosa esta que no pudo por el alto costo que representaba, por lo que solo acudió con curanderos que le recomendaron varios tratamientos con hierbas medicinales y con el cursar de los años fue empeorando, hasta que logro saber de la misión milagro que brindaba Cuba en ese país y llego a nosotros en el estado descrito. Se realizó un examen ocular exhaustivo y se diagnosticó como un Síndrome de ojo seco(AU)

It was performed the clinical manifestation of a 65-year-old patient treated in Itapua city in Paraguay in April 2013 by the Ophthalmology service of the miracle mission, which came to this service referring subjective symptoms of marked decrease of the vision, decreased of tearing, constant burning, discomfortin both eyes and loss of vision in the contralateral eye with adhere eyelids that it was impossible to open totally of several years of evolution. With personal medical history of rheumatoid arthritis who had gone to several doctors, that recommended a consultation of an ophthalmologist, it could not be possible because of the high cost that represented, so only folk healer assisted and recommended several treatments with medicinal herbs and it was getting worse by the years, until the miracle mission thatCuba offered in that country and came to us in the condition described. It was carried out an exhaustive ocular test and it was diagnosed as a syndrome of dry eye(EU)

Terapia floral y adolescencia / Flower therapy and adolescence

Una de las Modalidades de MNT autorizada por el SNS en la Resolución 261 del 24 de Agosto del 2009 es la Terapia Floral y dando cumplimiento al Lineamiento 158 de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución se realizó una investigación de tipo experimental, con el objetivo de determinar la efectividad de la Terapia Floral de Bach en los trastornos más frecuentes que aparecen en los adolescentes, en el Policlínico Universitario Luis E de la Paz Reina del municipio Yara. Los datos (personales) fueron recogidos mediante una Historia Clínica confeccionada para este fin. Se evaluaron trastornos de conducta, sociales, intelectuales, desatención y otros problemas en la relación familiar y se aplicó una combinación de cinco esencias florales de Bach, realizando reconsulta a los pacientes al mes, a los dos meses y tres meses de impuesto el tratamiento para valorar la evolución de los mismos. Se concluye que la Terapia Floral de Bach es efectiva(AU)

One of the Modalities of NTM authorized by the SNS in the Resolution 261 of August 24, 2009 is the Flower Therapy, and in compliance with the Guideline 158 of the Economic and Social Policy of the Party and the Revolution, it was performed an experimental researchin order to determine the effectiveness of Bach Flower Therapy in the most common disorders that appear in adolescents, in the University Polyclinic Luis E de la Paz Reina in Yara municipality. The (personal) data were collected using a medical record developed for this purpose. There were evaluated some behavioral, social, intellectual disorders, as well as the abandonment and other problems in family relationships, and it was applied a combination of five Bach flower essences, making monthly revisits to the patients, after two and three months of treatment for the assess of their evolution. We concluded that Bach Flower Therapy is effective(EU)

Comportamiento clínico epidemiológico del síndrome metabólico en pacientes adultos / Clinical and Epidemiological Behavior of the Metabolic Syndrome In Adults

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico comprende un conjunto de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente el síndrome metabólico en pacientes adultos. Métodos: se realizó un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio por conglomerados de 3 consultorios del Policlínico "Máximo Gómez Báez", municipio Holguín, en 109 pacientes adultos atendidos durante el període de septiembre de 2012 - abril de 2013. Se aplicaron el ANOVA, la prueba de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrado. Se calcularon los Odds Ratio y sus intervalos de confianza en la regresión logística binaria en EPIDAT 4,1. Resultados: el 41,3 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome metabólico, con valores medios superiores de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia abdominal, pliegues subescapular, suprailíaco y tricipital, y porcentaje de grasa corporal. Estos pacientes presentaron medias superiores de los triglicéridos séricos, colesterol total y del índice triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol. No se encontró una asociación del síndrome metabólico con el sexo, pero sí con el exceso de peso corporal y la menopausia. Conclusiones: se encontraron alteraciones metabólicas y factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome metabólico, cuya detección puede ser útil para establecer futuras estrategias de intervención(AU)

Introduction: the metabolic syndrome has many risk factors. Objective: to characterize clinically and epidemiologically metabolic syndrome in adult patients. Methods: a random probability cluster sampling locations in 3 office of Polyclinic Máximo Gómez Báez, Holguín municipality in adult patients was conducted during September 2012 - April 2013. The sample consisted of 109 adult patients. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney and chi square were applied. The odds ratio and confidence intervals were calculated in binary logistic regression in EPIDAT 4.1. Results: 41.3 percent of patients had metabolic syndrome, with higher mean values ​​of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, subscapular skinfold, suprailiac, triceps skinfold and fat percentage body than patients without the metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome had higher mean serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio. No association of metabolic syndrome with sex was found, but with excess body weight, and menopause. Conclusions: metabolic disorders and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome were found, the detection could be useful in establishing future intervention strategies(AU)

Comportamiento clínico epidemiológico del síndrome metabólico en pacientes adultos / Clinical and Epidemiological Behavior of the Metabolic Syndrome In Adults

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico comprende un conjunto de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente el síndrome metabólico en pacientes adultos. Métodos: se realizó un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio por conglomerados de 3 consultorios del Policlínico Máximo Gómez Báez, municipio Holguín, en 109 pacientes adultos atendidos durante el període de septiembre de 2012 - abril de 2013. Se aplicaron el ANOVA, la prueba de Mann-Whitney y chi cuadrado. Se calcularon los Odds Ratio y sus intervalos de confianza en la regresión logística binaria en EPIDAT 4,1. Resultados: el 41,3 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome metabólico, con valores medios superiores de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, circunferencia abdominal, pliegues subescapular, suprailíaco y tricipital, y porcentaje de grasa corporal. Estos pacientes presentaron medias superiores de los triglicéridos séricos, colesterol total y del índice triglicéridos/HDL-colesterol. No se encontró una asociación del síndrome metabólico con el sexo, pero sí con el exceso de peso corporal y la menopausia. Conclusiones: se encontraron alteraciones metabólicas y factores de riesgo asociados al síndrome metabólico, cuya detección puede ser útil para establecer futuras estrategias de intervención(AU)

Introduction: the metabolic syndrome has many risk factors. Objective: to characterize clinically and epidemiologically metabolic syndrome in adult patients. Methods: a random probability cluster sampling locations in 3 office of Polyclinic Máximo Gómez Báez, Holguín municipality in adult patients was conducted during September 2012 - April 2013. The sample consisted of 109 adult patients. ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney and chi square were applied. The odds ratio and confidence intervals were calculated in binary logistic regression in EPIDAT 4.1. Results: 41.3 percent of patients had metabolic syndrome, with higher mean values ​​of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, body weight, body mass index, abdominal circumference, subscapular skinfold, suprailiac, triceps skinfold and fat percentage body than patients without the metabolic syndrome. Patients with metabolic syndrome had higher mean serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio. No association of metabolic syndrome with sex was found, but with excess body weight, and menopause. Conclusions: metabolic disorders and risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome were found, the detection could be useful in establishing future intervention strategies(AU)

Programa Intervención Educativa para prevenir accidentes en madres con niños menores de cinco años / Educative intervention program to prevent accidents on mothers of children under five years old

La reducción de la mortalidad por accidentes en un 20 por ciento constituye uno de los propósitos de las proyecciones estratégicas hasta el año 2015. Objetivo: Implementar un programa de intervención educativa sobre la prevención de accidentes en el hogar en madres con niños menores de cinco años. Método: Se implementó un programa de intervención educativa dirigida a las madres con niños menores de cinco años pertenecientes al consejo popular Yara, Policlínico Luis E. de la Paz durante año 2013. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por 302 madres que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión propuestos, se seleccionaron a través de un muestreo estratificado y luego aleatorio simple, 92 madres; a las mismas se les aplicó una encuesta al inicio y final de la intervención y se reevaluó a los dos meses. Se evaluaron variables como: grupo de edades, escolaridad, ocupación, nivel de conocimientos, peligros potenciales .Para la validación estadística de los resultados se utilizaron los números absolutos y el porcentaje como medida de resumen así como el método de MC Nemar para diferencias de proporciones en muestras no independientes. Resultados: La edad y nivel de escolaridad de las madres a pesar de ser adecuado no tuvo repercusión en el programa aplicado. Hubo mayor representación de las amas de casa, trabajadoras y finalmente estudiantes en el nivel ocupacional. Antes de la aplicación del programa de intervención educativa la mayor parte de las madres presentaron bajo nivel de conocimientos generales sobre prevención de accidentes lo cual se incrementó significativamente al concluir el estudio. Conclusiones: Se concluyó que el programa de intervención tuvo gran eficacia en las madres que participaron en la investigación ya que se logró elevar el nivel de conocimiento en las mismas. Lo que corroborado estadísticamente (Test Mc Nemar) y validado positivamente por los expertos(AU)

The reduction of accidents mortality in 20 percent is one of the purposes of the strategic projections until the year 2015. Objective: To implement a program of educational intervention on the prevention of home accidents in mothers of children under five years old. Method: it was implemented a program of educational intervention directed to guide mothers with children under five years old, belonging to Yara´s popular council, at Luis E. de la Paz Polyclinic during the year 2013. The universe of study was constituted by 302 mothers that fulfilled the proposed inclusion criteria, they were selected through a stratified sample and then, at random, (92 mothers); to them it was applied a survey at the beginning and at the end of the intervention and it was reevaluated after two months. Some variables were evaluated, such as: group of ages, education, occupation, level of knowledge, and potential dangers. For the statistical validation of the results, the absolute numbers and the percentage like summary measure were used as well as the method of MC Nemar for proportion differences of non independent samples. Results: the age and school level of mothers, in spite of being adequated, they did not repercuted in the applied program. There was a greater representation of housewives, workers and finally students in the occupational level. Conclusions: The program of educational intervention had great effectiveness in the mothers that participated in the research since it was possible to increase the level of knowledge in them. It was statistically corroborated by the Mc Nemar test and positively validated by the experts(EU)

Immunomodulatory activity of diethylcarbamazine on humoral, cellular cytokine response and respiratory burst in BALB/c mice.

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is an anthelmintic piperazine derivative drug with putative immunomodulating properties, including increased platelet and granulocyte adhesion to parasites and enhanced production of cytokines. To further analyse these properties in a well-established animal model, we evaluated the effect of DEC on antibody, cellular cytokine response and respiratory burst in BALB/c mice. Animals were challenged with a thymus-dependent (tetanus toxoid, (TT)) and with a thymus-independent (lipopolysaccharide, (LPS)) antigen and treated with DEC for seven days with two different doses (50 mg/day and 500 mg/day). Serum was assessed for antibody production at 0, 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after stimulation and at 0, 24 and 48 h for IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-12 release. Respiratory burst of neutrophils and monocytes from peripheral blood was measured by flow cytometry. We found low-dose treatment with DEC enhanced cytokine production vs. TT and antibody production vs. LPS, whereas a higher dose enhanced significantly the respiratory burst of both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes, with a significant higher effect on the former. Our results suggest a stimulating, dose-dependent immunomodulatory effect of DEC with a higher effect on the phagocytic cells.

Resistencia a drogas antituberculosas en Caracas, Venezuela; 2001-2006 / Antituberculosis drug resistance in Caracas, Venezuela; 2001-2006

Para establecer la sensibilidad de las cepas de Mycobac-terium tuberculosis aisladas en Caracas, entre 2001 y 2006, fueron probadas utilizando el método colorimétrico para determinar las Concentraciones Inhibitorias Mínimas (CIM). De las 324 cepas, 46 (14,2%) mostraron resistencia a una o más drogas. Encontramos resistencia de alto nivel (CIM 8 µg/ml) y bajo nivel (CIM 1-4 µg/ml) a Estreptomicina en 6 (1,8%) y 25 (7,7%) de las cepas, respectivamente. Se encontró resistencia a Isoniacida de bajo nivel (MIC 0,125 - 0,5 µg/ml) en 8 (2,5%) y de alto nivel (MIC 1,0 µg/ml) en 15 (4,6%) de las cepas estudiadas. Hallamos 13 (4,0%) cepas resistentes a Rifampicina (RIF) (5 µg/ml) y 11 (3,4%) a Etambutol (10 µg/ml). De los 17 (5,2%) aislamientos resistentes a dos o más drogas, 12 (3,7%) fueron resistentes a INH y RIF (definido como multirresistencia, MDR). De las 12 cepas MDR, 11 fueron aisladas a partir de esputo y una de líquido pleural. Este estudio muestra un incremento en la prevalencia de la resistencia a las drogas antituberculosas en Caracas, especialmente las cepas MDR. Este aumento apunta hacia la necesidad de una encuesta na-cional, para evaluar el panorama real de la resistencia.

To asses drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated from 2001 to 2006 in Caracas. Available strains were tested using colorimetric method to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC). Of 324 strains, 46 (14,2%) showed resistance to one or more drugs. High-resistance (8 µg/ml) and low-resistance (1-4 µg/ml) to Strep omycint was found in 6 (1,8%) and 25 (7,7%) strains, respectively. Isoniazid (INH) low-resistance (MIC 0.125 - 0.5 µg/ml) were found in 8 (2,5%) and high-resistant (MIC at 1.0 µg/ml) in 15 (4,6%), Rifampicin resistance (RMP) (5 µg/ml) in 13 (4%), and Ethambutol resistance (10 µg/ml) in 11 (3,4%) of the strains. Of the 17 (5,2%) isolates resistant to two or more drugs, 12 (3,7%) were resistant to INH and RMP (defined as multidrug resistance, MDR). Of these 12 MDR strains, 11 were isolated from sputum and one from pleu ral fluid. This study shows an increased prevalence of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs in Caracas, especially the prevalence of MDR strains, raises an urgent need of a proper nationwide survey to evaluate the true picture of resistance.

Estrategia aplicada a la carrera de medicina en condiciones de universalización / Strategy Applied to Medicine Career According to Universalization of Higher Education

A partir de la experiencia de cursos anteriores y el papel de la Medicina General Integral como disciplina principal integradora se elaboró, de conjunto con este departamento y el Comité Horizontal asesor, una estrategia aplicada a diferentes procesos: primero, el Comité Horizontal como principal actividad pedagógica en las sedes universitarias; segundo, control del proceso docente educativo en la educación en el trabajo y tercero, trabajo independiente del estudiante con enfoque interdisciplinario. Se ejecutó gradualmente a través de varias acciones, donde la implementación de una metodología para la realización del Comité Horizontal en las sedes universitarias fue el principal resultado, además del instrumento de control del proceso docente educativo en la educación en el trabajo y la vinculación interdisciplinaria a través de instrumentos utilizados por el estudiante, que propició su inserción a la comunidad con un enfoque integrador. Los resultados de la estrategia en su conjunto fueron satisfactorios...(AU)

Taking into account the experience of previous courses and the role of the Integral General Medicine as integrative main discipline an strategy was elaborated by this department together with Horizontal Committee, which was applied to different processes: first, Horizontal Committee as main pedagogic activity at the university headquarters; second, control of the teaching-learning process and third, student independent work with interdisciplinary focus. This strategy was carried out through several actions in which the Horizontal Committee methodology was represented as the main result ; as well as an instrument to control the teaching-learning process in the Education. The strategy results were satisfactory...(AU)

Programa de percepción y comunicación de riesgo de accidente en menores de 5 años: consultorios # 17, 2005-2007 / Perception and communication program of accident risk in children under 5 years: doctors Office #17, 2005-2007

Se realizó un estudio en el que se aplicó un programa de comunicación de riesgo de accidente. Se tomo una muestra de 20 madres de niños menores de 5 años, donde se evaluó la accidentalidad de los niños antes y después de aplicado el programa. La investigación se realizó en el consultorio 17 del Policlínico Luis Enrique de la Paz. El éxito de la investigación consistió en que el 95 por ciento de las madres logró un nivel adecuado de la percepción de riesgo de accidentes y como resultado final la ocurrencia de accidentes en los niños disminuyo considerablemente, así quedo demostrado la efectividad que se logra con la promoción y prevención de la salud aplicando programas comunitarios y de intervención(AU)

It was carried out a study where it was applied a communication program about accident risks. It was taken a sample of 20 mothers of children under 5 years where it was valuated the accidentality of children before and after the program had been applied the research was fulfilled in a doctors office of Luis Enrique de la Paz Polyclinic. The success of the investigation lied in the fact that the 95 per cent of mothers got an adequate level of risk accident perception as a final result. The accidents diminished in children considerably, and then it was shown the effectiveness that could be reached through Health promotion and prevention, applying the community and intervention program(AU)

Intervención educativa sobre nutrición en el embarazo, Hogar Materno Yara / Educative intervention about nutrition in pregnancy: Maternal Home: Yara

Se realizó un estudio de intervención educativa sobre nutrición, a 20 embarazadas del Hogar Materno de Yara, Junio 2005. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, nivel de conocimientos y se aplicó una encuesta inicial donde evidenciamos falta de información inicial sobre esta temática en el 30 por ciento de las participantes. Posteriormente aplicamos un programa de intervención con la finalidad de elevar el nivel de conocimientos lográndose que el 95 por ciento de embarazadas se prepararan. Consideramos que la intervención comunitaria como método a utilizar en la prevención de salud ofrece resultados a largo plazo, lográndose estilos de vida saludables y una mejor preparación de la familia para enfrentar los retos de la vida en sociedad(AU)

It was developed a study educative intervention for nutrition to 20 pregnants of maternal home in Yara, June 2005. There were evaluated the demographic variables, the level of knowledge and it was applied an initial suevey in which it was evidenced the lack of initial information about this topic in the 30 per cent of participants. Later it was applied an intervention program with purpose to enrich the level of knowledge getting that the 95 per cent of pregnants couldbe prepared. It was considerated that yhe community intervention as a method to be applied to prevent health, offers long. Term results, getting healthy life styles and a further preparation of family to face the challenges of life towards society(EU)