Percepción del padre de su rol hacia la lactancia materna en la región de Ñuble, Chile, 2021 / Father's perception of his role towards breastfeeding in the region of Ñuble, Chile, 2021

Objetivo: Describir la percepción del padre por lo que respecta al rol paterno en la lactancia materna exclusiva en la región de Ñuble, Chile, durante el año 2021 y 2022. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de carácter cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico, de tipo no probabilístico. Se seleccionaron 7 padres y se realizó una entrevista semiestructurada de 20-35 minutos de duración a cada participante a través de la plataforma Zoom. En el análisis se utilizaron las grabaciones de las entrevistas para su posterior transcripción y codificación. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 5 clasificaciones relevantes para la interpretación de las respuestas entregadas por los participantes. Si bien todos los padres vivieron y viven el proceso de la lactancia materna de diferente manera, todos saben y reconocen la importancia de su rol frente a la lactancia materna, además coinciden en que este hito genera distintos sentimientos y emociones. Conclusión: Es importante que los padres reciban una amplia información sobre la lactancia materna y lo que eso conlleva, para que así puedan ser una ayuda concreta durante el periodo de lactancia(AU)

Objective: To describe the perception of the father regarding the paternal role in exclusive breastfeeding in the region of Ñuble, Chile, during the year 2021 and 2022. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted with a phenomenological design of a non-probabilistic type. 7 parents were selected and a semi-structured interview of 20-35 minutes was conducted with each participant through the Zoom platform. In the analysis, the recordings of the interviews were used for subsequent transcription and coding. Results: 5 relevant classifications were obtained for the interpretation of the answers submitted by the participants. While all parents lived and live the breastfeeding process differently, everyone knows and recognizes the importance of their role in breastfeeding, and they also agree that this milestone generates different feelings and emotions. Conclusion: It is important that male fathers receive extensive information about breastfeeding and what it entails, so that they can be a concrete help during the breastfeeding period(AU)

Therapeutic visual rehabilitation in a patient with high hyperopia and flat cornea years after radial keratotomy.

A 51-year-old man was referred for refractive surgery evaluation. Spectacle dependence and poor visual quality in both eyes was his chief complaint. He cannot tolerate contact lenses. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 20/40 in both eyes. Manifest refraction was +5.25 -2.25 @ 90 (20/40) in the right eye and +6.25 -2.25 @ 105 (20/40) in the left eye. The patient had a history of radial keratotomy (RK) almost 30 years ago in both eyes and at the slitlamp presented 8 RK incisions, proportionally spaced between one another. All incisions were closed, and there were no relevant signs of scarring. The patient denied any history of ocular trauma, systemic disease, or medications. Corneal topography with different technologies revealed an irregular pattern with marked central flattening in both eyes, with some points below 30 diopters (D) (Supplemental Figures 1 and 2, available at http://links.lww.com/JRS/A862 and http://links.lww.com/JRS/A863, respectively). There were no signs of cataract, and fundus examination was normal. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the right eye revealed a more homogeneous thickness pattern, little variation between the thinnest and thickest areas, and adequate transparency (Figure 1JOURNAL/jcrs/04.03/02158034-202306000-00018/figure1/v/2023-05-31T172126Z/r/image-tiff). In the left eye, there is wide variability between the thinnest and thickest stromal points, with annular thinning and central thickening (Figure 2JOURNAL/jcrs/04.03/02158034-202306000-00018/figure2/v/2023-05-31T172126Z/r/image-tiff). Both eyes show marked epithelial irregularity. Considering this patient's current ocular status, how would you reach visual rehabilitation? Because he is contact lens intolerant, would you consider surface ablation, for example, photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin-C (MMC)? If that were the case, would you think of an optimized or a topography-guided (TG) treatment? Would you immediately consider a corneal transplant option? Would you instead consider a more conservative approach? Which one and why?

Dosing time optimization of antihypertensive medications by including the circadian rhythm in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models.

Blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian variation, increasing during active hours, showing a small postprandial valley and a deeper decrease during sleep. Nighttime reduction of 10-20% relative to daytime BP is defined as a dipper pattern, and a reduction of less than 10%, as a non-dipper pattern. Despite this BP variability, hypertension's diagnostic criteria and therapeutic objectives are usually based on BP average values. Indeed, studies have shown that chrono-pharmacological optimization significantly reduces long-term cardiovascular risk if a BP dipper pattern is maintained. Changes in the effect of antihypertensive medications can be explained by circadian variations in their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Nevertheless, BP circadian variation has been scarcely included in PK-PD models of antihypertensive medications to date. In this work, we developed PK-PD models that include circadian rhythm to find the optimal dosing time (Ta) of first-line antihypertensive medications for dipper and non-dipper patterns. The parameters of the PK-PD models were estimated using global optimization, and models were selected according to the lowest corrected Akaike information criterion value. Simultaneously, sensitivity and identifiability analysis were performed to determine the relevance of the parameters and establish those that can be estimated. Subsequently, Ta parameters were optimized to maximize the effect on BP average, BP peaks, and sleep-time dip. As a result, all selected models included at least one circadian PK component, and circadian parameters had the highest sensitivity. Furthermore, Ta with which BP>130/80 mmHg and a dip of 10-20% are achieved were proposed when possible. We show that the optimal Ta depends on the therapeutic objective, the medication, and the BP profile. Therefore, our results suggest making chrono-pharmacological recommendations in a personalized way.

Electrospun Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Gelatin and Cellulose Acetate Bi-Layer Scaffold Loaded with Gentamicin as Possible Wound Dressing.

Acceleration of wound healing can be achieved with the use of wound dressings. Through the electrospinning technique, a polymeric scaffold composed of two layers was processed: a gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone layer with gentamicin, and a second layer of cellulose acetate. The conditions for the electrospinning process were standardized for voltage parameters, feed flow and the distance from the injector to the collector. Once the values of the main variables for the electrospinning were optimized, a three-hour processing time was established to allow the separation of the material from the collector. The obtained material was characterized by observations on scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis; contact angle measurement was performed to evaluate wettability properties, and antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer test. The obtained fibers that form the bi-layer scaffold present diameters from 100 to 300 nm. The scaffold presents chemical composition, thermal stability, wettability characteristics and antibacterial activity that fulfill the proposal from this study, based on obtaining a scaffold that could be used as a drug delivery vehicle and a wound dressing material.

Reproductive biology, morphology, and morphometry of ovaries and oviducts of Trachemys scripta elegans in Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva, morfologia e morfometriade ovários e ovidutos de Trachemys scripta elegans no Cerrado Brasileiro

Although Trachemys scripta elegans is an exotic species popular as a pet in Brazil, studies on reproductive biology and capacity are non-existent in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study analyzed ovarian and oviduct characteristics and the egg production capacity of T. scripta elegans grown in this biome. The findings will associate with the size of the specimens and the sexual maturity, aiming at comparisons with native and exotic populations, as well as interspecific and contributing to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. Thus, 39 females had evaluated the body biometry and the morphology and morphometry of the ovaries and oviducts. G2 (N=20): with Class I (>5-10mm) follicles, with Class I and Class II (>10-fold) follicles, 25mm) and G3 (N=9) with Class I, Class II and Class III (>25mm) follicles. Analysis of variance, Scott-Knott's test, and Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in body biometry; in the mean gonadosomatic index and gonadal morphometry, only the width of the oviducts in the right antimer and the mass and width in the left antimer were higher in G3, the only one that presented eggs. There was positive and harmonic development between body mass, carapace, and plastron, and gonadal growth occurred concomitantly with body growth, indicating a higher reproductive potential and a positive relationship between the size of the litter and the female litter. The gonadosomatic index proved to be an excellent reproductive indicator, and the ovarian evaluation was a better indicator of sexual maturity than the maximum carapace length.(AU)

Embora Trachemys scripta elegans seja uma espécie exótica popular como animal de estimação no Brasil, estudos sobre biologia e capacidade reprodutivas são inexistentes no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo analisou características ovarianas e do oviduto e a capacidade de produção de ovos em T. scripta elegans criadas neste bioma, correlacionando estes achados ao tamanho dos espécimes e a maturidade sexual, visando comparações com populações nativas e exóticas, bem como interespecíficas e contribuir para a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação. Assim, 39 fêmeas tiveram avaliadas a biometria corporal e a morfologia e morfometria dos ovários e ovidutos. De acordo com o tamanho dos folículos ovarianos as fêmeas foram separadas em G1 (N= 10): com folículos Classe I (>5-10 mm), G2 (N= 20): com folículos Classe I e Classe II (>10-25 mm) e G3 (N= 9) com folículos Classe I, Classe II e Classe III (>25 mm). À análise de variância, teste de Scott-Knott e à análise de correlação de Pearson verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na biometria corporal; no índice gonadossomático médio e na morfometria gonadal, apenas a largura dos ovidutos no antímero direito e a massa e a largura no antímero esquerdo foram maiores no G3, o único que apresentou ovos. Houve desenvolvimento positivo e harmônico entre massa corporal, carapaça e plastrão e o crescimento gonadal ocorreu concomitante ao crescimento corporal, indicando maior potencial reprodutivo e relação positiva entre o tamanho da ninhada de ovos e o da fêmea. O índice gonadossomático mostrou-se um bom indicador reprodutivo e a avaliação ovariana um melhor indicador da maturidade sexual que o comprimento máximo da carapaça. (AU)

Reproductive biology, morphology, and morphometry of ovaries and oviducts of Trachemys scripta elegans in Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva, morfologia e morfometriade ovários e ovidutos de Trachemys scripta elegans no Cerrado Brasileiro

Although Trachemys scripta elegans is an exotic species popular as a pet in Brazil, studies on reproductive biology and capacity are non-existent in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study analyzed ovarian and oviduct characteristics and the egg production capacity of T. scripta elegans grown in this biome. The findings will associate with the size of the specimens and the sexual maturity, aiming at comparisons with native and exotic populations, as well as interspecific and contributing to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. Thus, 39 females had evaluated the body biometry and the morphology and morphometry of the ovaries and oviducts. G2 (N=20): with Class I (>5-10mm) follicles, with Class I and Class II (>10-fold) follicles, 25mm) and G3 (N=9) with Class I, Class II and Class III (>25mm) follicles. Analysis of variance, Scott-Knott's test, and Pearson's correlation analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in body biometry; in the mean gonadosomatic index and gonadal morphometry, only the width of the oviducts in the right antimer and the mass and width in the left antimer were higher in G3, the only one that presented eggs. There was positive and harmonic development between body mass, carapace, and plastron, and gonadal growth occurred concomitantly with body growth, indicating a higher reproductive potential and a positive relationship between the size of the litter and the female litter. The gonadosomatic index proved to be an excellent reproductive indicator, and the ovarian evaluation was a better indicator of sexual maturity than the maximum carapace length. Ovaries were irregular structures, without delimitation between the cortical and medullary regions and filled with vitelogenic follicles of different diameters, atresic follicles, and corpora lutea, which reflected the ovarian complexity of the species and the presence of follicular hierarchy. In the scarce stroma, two germinative beds were observed per ovary and the presence of gaps very close to the follicles and associated with the blood vessels. Analysis of gonadal tissue revealed three types of oocytes according to cytoplasmic characteristics: homogeneous, vesicular or vesicular in the cortex with apparent granules. Oviducts were functional and separated, joining only in the final portion to form the cloaca and subdivided into infundibulum, tuba, isthmus, uterus, and vagina. The structure of the uterine tube was composed of serosa, muscular and mucous, which was full of glands. The presence of eggs in the oviducts indicated that the specimens can reproduce in the Brazilian Cerrado. This study provides necessary and relevant information on the reproductive biology and capacity of T. scripta elegans in the Brazilian Cerrado and can contribute to the understanding of its impact on the invaded ecosystems and the establishment of eradication programs. The extraction of females with capacity can reduce the annual reproductive yield of the species and decrease its effect on local biodiversity.(AU)

Embora Trachemys scripta elegans seja uma espécie exótica popular como animal de estimação no Brasil, estudos sobre biologia e capacidade reprodutivas são inexistentes no Cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo analisou características ovarianas e do oviduto e a capacidade de produção de ovos em T. scripta elegans criadas neste bioma, correlacionando estes achados ao tamanho dos espécimes e a maturidade sexual, visando comparações com populações nativas e exóticas, bem como interespecíficas e contribuir para a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação. Assim, 39 fêmeas tiveram avaliadas a biometria corporal e a morfologia e morfometria dos ovários e ovidutos. De acordo com o tamanho dos folículos ovarianos as fêmeas foram separadas em G1 (N= 10): com folículos Classe I (>5-10 mm), G2 (N= 20): com folículos Classe I e Classe II (>10-25 mm) e G3 (N= 9) com folículos Classe I, Classe II e Classe III (>25 mm). À análise de variância, teste de Scott-Knott e à análise de correlação de Pearson verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na biometria corporal; no índice gonadossomático médio e na morfometria gonadal, apenas a largura dos ovidutos no antímero direito e a massa e a largura no antímero esquerdo foram maiores no G3, o único que apresentou ovos. Houve desenvolvimento positivo e harmônico entre massa corporal, carapaça e plastrão e o crescimento gonadal ocorreu concomitante ao crescimento corporal, indicando maior potencial reprodutivo e relação positiva entre o tamanho da ninhada de ovos e o da fêmea. O índice gonadossomático mostrou-se um bom indicador reprodutivo e a avaliação ovariana um melhor indicador da maturidade sexual que o comprimento máximo da carapaça. Ovários foram estruturas irregulares, sem delimitação entre a região cortical e medular e repletos de folículos vitelogênicos de diferentes diâmetros, folículos atrésicos e corpos lúteos, que refletiram a complexidade ovariana da espécie e a presença de hierarquia folicular. No estroma escasso foram observados dois leitos germinativos por ovário e a presença de lacunas muito próximas aos folículos e associadas aos vasos sanguíneos. A análise do tecido gonadal revelou três tipos de oócitos de acordo com as características do citoplasma: homogêneo, vesicular ou vesicular no córtex com grânulos aparentes. Ovidutos eram funcionais e separados, unindo-se apenas na porção final para formar a cloaca e subdividiam-se em infundíbulo, tuba uterina, istmo, útero e vagina. A estrutura da tuba uterina era constituída de serosa, muscular e mucosa, a qual era repleta de glândulas. A presença de ovos nos ovidutos indicou que os espécimes podem se reproduzir no cerrado brasileiro. Este estudo fornece informações básicas e relevantes da biologia e capacidade reprodutivas de T. scripta elegans no Cerrado brasileiro e pode contribuir com a compreensão de seu impacto nos ecossistemas invadidos e com o estabelecimento de programas de erradicação, uma vez que a extração de fêmeas com capacidade reprodutiva pode contribuir com a diminuição do rendimento reprodutivo anual da espécie e diminuir seu efeito sobre a biodiversidade local.(AU)

Development of a membrane for guided tissue regeneration: An in vitro study.

AIM: The aim of this study was to develop an alternative low-cost membrane for use in guided tissue regeneration (GTR). SETTING AND DESIGN: In vitro study. METHODS AND MATERIAL: In this study, a membrane prepared from a 335 mm sized opening nylon substrate, covered in aqueous resin derived from chitosan, was compared with a commercial material, a non-degradable expanded poly (tetrafluoroethylene). Nylon substrate samples 2.0 × 2.0 cm were covered by aqueous resin based on diluted chitosan solution into 1:05 or 1:10 by spin coating technique to produce from 06, 10, and 15 layers. The surfaces of these membranes were observed using optical microscopy. The physical properties were measured by hydration superficial energy measurements (ΔG) and a tensile test machine. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t test at a significance level of 5%, using the BioEstat 2.0 program. RESULTS: The Δ G values of the nylon membrane covered by the 1:05 of chitosan with 15 layers were close to the commercial membrane's Δ G values. The tensile strength values of the nylon membrane covered by the 1:05 of chitosan with 15 layers were higher than the commercial membrane's (115.826 MPa, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Therefore, the membrane developed shows some favorable physical properties that could qualify it as a material candidate for use in guided tissue regeneration.

Analysis of 21 X-chromosome polymorphisms in urban and rural populations in Salta province (north-western Argentina).

Population genetic data for 21 X-chromosome markers (Alu insertions and STRs) are reported for two populations (rural and urban) in Salta province (north-western Argentina). New variants are described, confirming the complexity and variability of some markers in this set. Results reveal Salta populations harbor a high Native American component, despite their self-recognized European ancestry. Notwithstanding the high genetic similarity of both populations, the rural sample seems to have maintained a larger Amerindian legacy. Data further show these X-linked markers, especially STRs, are highly informative in Salta populations and, therefore, can contribute to the development of a local database for forensic purposes in north-western Argentina.

On the identity of Adelophryne pachydactyla Hoogmoed, Borges, and Cascon, 1994 (Brachycephaloidea: Eleutherodactylidae).

The use of molecular data for documenting biodiversity has become more common over time as larger datasets can be generated faster. Nevertheless, studies addressing phenotypical data have not become as common. As a collateral effect, many samples used in molecular studies are assigned to a species without checking phenomic characters of the vouchers. Correct specific assignment is paramount for any biological hypothesis. A recent review of Phyzelaphryninae, while producing interesting results, has not specified how some vouchers used in molecular analyses were assigned to each species. Using new sequences from fresh material collected in Southern Bahia, we re-identify Adelophryne specimens based on molecular and morphological grounds. This new taxonomic understanding clarifies the phylogenetic position of A. pachydactyla and highlights a more parsimonious explanation for the evolution of a morphological character-the reduction of a phalange on Finger IV-within Adelophryne.

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus after Its Emergence in Brazil.

Chikungunya has had a substantial impact on public health because of the magnitude of its epidemics and its highly debilitating symptoms. We estimated the seroprevalence, proportion of symptomatic cases, and proportion of chronic form of disease after introduction of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in 2 cities in Brazil. We conducted the population-based study through household interviews and serologic surveys during October-December 2015. In Feira de Santana, we conducted a serologic survey of 385 persons; 57.1% were CHIKV-positive. Among them, 32.7% reported symptoms, and 68.1% contracted chronic chikungunya disease. A similar survey in Riachão do Jacuípe included 446 persons; 45.7% were CHIKV-positive, 41.2% reported symptoms, and 75.0% contracted the chronic form. Our data confirm intense CHIKV transmission during the continuing epidemic. Chronic pain developed in a high proportion of patients. We recommend training health professionals in management of chronic pain, which will improve the quality of life of chikungunya-affected persons.

The role of cGMP as a mediator of lipolysis in bovine oocytes and its effects on embryo development and cryopreservation.

This study aimed to determine the influence of cyclic guanosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cGMP) and cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG) during in vitro maturation (IVM) on lipolysis-related parameters in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), and on embryo development and cryosurvival. COCs were matured with cGMP/PKG modulators and assessed for metaphase II rates (MII), cGMP levels, lipid content in oocytes (OO), transcript abundance for genes involved in lipolysis (ATGL) and lipid droplets (PLIN2) in cumulus cells (CC) and OO, and presence of phosphorylated (active) hormone sensitive lipase (HSLser563) in OO. Embryo development, lipid contents and survival to vitrification were also assessed. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition (PDE5; cGMP-hydrolyzing enzyme) with 10-5M sildenafil (SDF) during 24 h IVM increased cGMP in COCs (56.9 vs 9.5 fMol/COC in untreated controls, p<0.05) and did not affect on maturation rate (84.3±6.4% MII). Fetal calf serum (FCS) in IVM medium decreased cGMP in COCs compared to bovine serum albumin (BSA) + SDF (19.6 vs 66.5 fMol/COC, respectively, p<0.05). FCS increased lipid content in OO (40.1 FI, p<0.05) compared to BSA (34.6 FI), while SDF decreased (29.8 and 29.6 FI, with BSA or FCS, respectively p<0.05). PKG inhibitor (KT5823) reversed this effect (38.9 FI, p<0.05). ATGL and PLIN2 transcripts were detected in CC and OO, but were affected by cGMP and PKG only in CC. HSLser563 was detected in OO matured with or without modulators. Reduced lipid content in embryos were observed only when SDF was added during IVM and IVC (27.6 FI) compared to its use in either or none of the culture periods (34.2 FI, p<0.05). Survival to vitrification was unaffected by SDF. In conclusion, cGMP and PKG are involved in lipolysis in OO and possibly in CC and embryos; serum negatively affects this pathway, contributing to lipid accumulation, and cGMP modulation may reduce lipid contents in oocytes and embryos, but without improving embryo cryotolerance.

Accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking: Technique, efficacy, safety, and applications.

Corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) is an approach used to increase the biomechanical stability of the stromal tissue. Over the past 10 years, it has been used to halt the progression of ectatic diseases. According to the photochemical law of reciprocity, the same photochemical effect is achieved with reduced illumination time and correspondingly increased irradiation intensity. Several new CXL devices offer high ultraviolet-A irradiation intensity with different time settings. The main purpose of this review was to discuss the current use of different protocols of accelerated CXL and compare the efficacy and safety of accelerated CXL with the efficacy and safety of the established conventional method. Accelerated CXL proved to be safe and effective in halting progression of corneal ectasia. Corneal shape responses varied considerably, as did the demarcation line at different irradiance settings; the shorter the exposure time, the more superficial the demarcation line. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: Dr. Santhiago is a consultant to Ziemer Ophthalmic Systems AG and Alcon Laboratories, Inc. None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Predictability and Vector Analysis of Laser In Situ Keratomileusis for Residual Errors in Eyes Implanted With Different Multifocal Intraocular Lenses.

PURPOSE: To investigate potential differences in predictability, efficacy, and safety of corneal excimer laser to correct residual myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism in eyes previously implanted with multifocal intraocular lenses using distinct optical surfaces and platforms for multifocality. METHODS: This prospective comparative study included 37 eyes submitted to laser in situ keratomileusis correction for residual errors after implantation of either an apodized diffractive-refractive (Restor) or a full-diffractive (Tecnis) multifocal intraocular lens. Data analysis included investigation of predictability, efficacy, and safety of excimer laser surgery to correct residual errors. A double-angle plot, using vector analysis, was also created to evaluate predictability of astigmatism correction. RESULTS: At 6-month follow-up, statistical analyses revealed a significant improvement when comparing preoperative (0.51 ± 0.25 and 0.44 ± 0.18) and postoperative values (0.17 ± 0.10 and 0.09 ± 0.07) of uncorrected distance visual acuity (P < 0.0001 and <0.0001), preoperative (0.92 ± 0.61 and 1.02 ± 0.45) and postoperative values (0.33 ± 0.23 and 0.19 ± 0.17) of manifest refractive spherical equivalent (P = 0.0006 and <0.0001), and preoperative (-1.08 ± 0.70 and -0.65 ± 0.42) and postoperative values (-0.25 ± 0.28 and -0.14 ± 0.21) of astigmatism (P < 0.0001 and <0.0001) in eyes implanted with Restor and Tecnis, respectively. Vector analysis revealed a predictable correction of astigmatism in all groups. Ninety-two percent of total eyes achieved a manifest refractive spherical equivalent within ±0.5 of emmetropia. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal excimer laser refractive surgery seems to be equally effective to correct different residual errors, including astigmatism, in eyes implanted with intraocular lenses with various platforms for multifocality.

Productivity and Composition of Fatty Acids in Chicks fed with Azadirachta indica A. Juss / Productividad y composición de ácidos grasos en pollos alimentados con Azadirachta indica A. Juss

Objective. Evaluate the productivity and composition of fatty acids in chicks fed diets enriched with neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss seed flour. Materials and methods. 80 mixed broiler chicks of Arbor Acres stock and levels 0, 1, 3 and 5% neem seed flour added to a commercial diet were evaluated. 20 experimental units were included in each treatment for five weeks. The consumption and weight gain were recorded, as well as the composition of fatty acids in the fat by means of alkaline transesterification. Data was statistically analyzed by a completely random procedure and the measurements were compared with the Tukey test(p≤0.05). Results. The greatest weight gain, consumption and best feed conversion were found in the treatment that contains 1% neem seed flour. It also produced the increase in the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (C18:2 Omega-6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 omega-3), and the proportion of palmitic acid (C16:0). The consumption of feed diminished when 5% of neem flour was added. Conclusions. It was demonstrated that incorporating 1% neem seed flour in the diet of broiler chicks modifies the consumption of fatty acids without harming its productive behavior.

Objetivo. Evaluar la productividad y composición de ácidos grasos en pollos alimentados con dietas adicionadas con harina de semilla de neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Materiales y métodos. Se emplearon 80 pollos mixtos de la estirpe Arbor Acres de engorda y se evaluaron los niveles 0, 1, 3 y 5% de harina de semilla de neem añadidos a una dieta comercial. En cada tratamiento se tuvieron 20 unidades experimentales con una duración de cinco semanas. Se registró el consumo y la ganancia de peso, así como la composición de los ácidos grasos de la grasa mediante transesterificación alcalina. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente por el procedimiento completamente al azar y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p≤ 0.05). Resultados. La mayor ganancia de peso, consumo y la mejor conversión alimenticia correspondió al tratamiento que contenia 1% de harina de semilla de neem. También propició el aumento en la proporción de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados especialmente en el ácido linoleico, (C18:2 omega-6) y en el ácido eicosapentaenoico (C20:5 omega-3), y de manera concomitante se redujo la proporción del ácido palmítico (C16:0). El consumo de alimento disminuyó al adicionar 5% de harina de neem. Conclusiones. Se demostró que la incorporación de 1% de harina de semilla de neem en la dieta de los pollos de engorda modifica la composición de ácidos grasos sin perjudicar su comportamiento productivo.

Pachymetry-guided intrastromal air injection ("pachy-bubble") for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: results of the first 110 cases.

PURPOSE: To report intraoperative and 1-year postoperative results of the pachy-bubble technique for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK). METHODS: This prospective interventional case series included 110 eyes of 107 patients with anterior corneal pathology who underwent DALK, including 78 with keratoconus. Outcome measures included the rate of bubble formation, rate of completing DALK, bubble types, complications, and visual and keratometric parameters. RESULTS: Intrastromal air injection was attempted in 109 eyes, and the air bubble was achieved in 93 eyes (85.3%). Intrastromal 2% methylcellulose injection was attempted in 9 eyes, after unsuccessful air bubble formation, and the viscobubble was achieved in 7 eyes (77.8%). Manual layer-by-layer dissection was performed in 8 eyes. Bubble formation was reached in 100 eyes (90.9%). Overall, 105 eyes (95.5%) achieved DALK. Air bubble occurred as type 1 (white margin) in 96.6% of the cases and as type 2 (clear margin) in 3.4%. There was a statistically significant improvement in all visual and keratometric parameters analyzed. Macroperforations converted to penetrating keratoplasty occurred in 5 eyes (4.5%) and microperforations in 12 (10.9%). There were significantly higher rates of perforation when a bubble was not achieved (P = 0.018) and when it was achieved as type 2 (P = 0.033). Interface haze occurred in 5 eyes (4.5%) and stromal rejection in 11 (10.0%). A short learning curve was observed for air bubble formation. CONCLUSIONS: Bubble formation, especially type 1, is the key to decrease the risk of perforation in DALK. The pachy-bubble was safe, effective, and reproducible in promoting DALK with air bubble and viscobubble formation with a short learning curve.

Prognostic impact of sex-ambulatory blood pressure interactions in 10 cohorts of 17 312 patients diagnosed with hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Whether ambulatory blood pressure (BP) among hypertensive patients better predicts cardiovascular events (CVEs) in women relative to men is unclear. METHODS: We searched PUBMED and OVID databases. Cohorts were required to have hypertension, 1+ years of follow-up, with stroke and coronary artery disease as outcomes. Lead investigators for these cohorts provided ad hoc analyses. Random-effect meta-analyses gave hazard ratios for CVEs from a 1 standard deviation (SD) mmHg increase and a 10 mmHg increase in SBP. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses quantified the relative increase in risk in women versus men. RESULTS: Patients were from Europe, Brazil, and Japan (10 cohorts, n = 17 312, CVEs = 1892). One cohort lacked sex-specific hazard ratios from 24 h and clinic SBP. Compared with men, women tended to have greater SDs and coefficients of variation of SBP. Subgroup analyses showed higher hazard ratios in women than in men from increases in ambulatory but not clinic SBPs. For women relative to men, a 1 SD increase in night-time, daytime, 24 h, and clinic SBP gave hazard ratios (95% confidence limits) of 1.17 (1.06-1.30), 1.24 (1.10-1.39), 1.21 (1.08-1.36), and 0.94 (0.84-1.05), respectively, whereas a 10 mmHg increase in SBP, gave hazard ratios of 1.06 (0.99-1.14), 1.13 (1.03-1.23), 1.10 (1.01-1.21), and 0.96 (0.89-1.03), respectively. CONCLUSION: In patients with hypertension, increases in ambulatory, but not clinic, SBP predict higher risks for CVEs in women than in men. Although women tended to have greater variability in SBP, this did not entirely explain the sex-ambulatory BP interactions.

Análise das dimensões padrões das macrogeometrias de pontas diamantadas de diferentes fabricantes e modelos / Analysis of the macrogeometry pattern dimensions of diamond burs of different manufacturers and models

Pontas diamantadas são instrumentos rotatórios abrasivos de uso rotineiro na prática clínica odontológica, com macrogeometria constituída de haste metálica, ponta ativa e eixo Intermediá- rio. Objetivo: avaliar as dimensões padrões dos componentes que constituem a macrogeometria das pontas diamantadas. Material e Método: a fim de padronização, considerou-se como ponta ativa a região do instrumental que possui granulação; como eixo Intermediário a região compreendida entre a primeira depressão presente na base até o início da ponta ativa; e como haste metálica toda região localizada entre a base da ponta diamantada até a primeira depressão. Realizou os testes com seis marcas comerciais: KG Sorensen, Option, Vortex, Microdont, Zeep e Fava. Foram selecionadas 120 pontas diamantadas tronco-cônicas, modelos 2200 (n=10) e 2135 (n=10). O diâmetro e comprimento foram analisados em sete regiões correspondentes à macrogeometria. O diâmetro do orifício de encaixe de pontas diamantadas em turbinas de alta rotação de cinco marcas (Gnatus, Kavo, Calu, Dx e Dabi) também foi mensurado. Para realizar as medidas, paquímetro digital (Mitutoyo, modelo número 6, C-B) foi utilizado por um único operador calibrado. Resultado: as dimensões de ambos os modelos de pontas diamantadas apresentaram variação, quando comparado os fabricantes, seja no comprimento total da haste metálica, eixo intermediário ou ponta ativa. A marca comercial KG Sorensen apresentou baixa alteração na dimensão entre seus instrumentos. Conclusão: a não padronização das pontas diamantadas pode prejudicar a confecção de preparos e também o aprendizado de estudantes de odontologia.

Diamond burs are abrasive rotary instrumental routinely used in clinical dentistry practice with macro geometry consists of metal stem, the active tip and intermediate shaft. Objective: evaluate the standardized dimensions of the components that constitute the macro geometry of the diamond bur. Methods: in order to standardize, it was considered as active tip the area of the diamond bur that has granulation; as intermediate the region between the first depression at the base until the beginning of the active tip; and as stem all region located between the base of the diamond tip to the first depression. The test was performed with six brand: KG Sorensen, Option, Microdont, FAVA, Zeep, Vortex. 120 trunk-conical diamond burs, models 2200 (n = 10) and 2135 (n = 10) were selected. The diameter and length were evaluated in seven regions corresponding to macro geometry. The diameter of the diamond bur orifice fitting on the high speed turbines of five brands (Gnatus, Kavo, Calu, Dx and Dabi) were also measured. A digital caliper (Mitutoyo, modelo número 6, C-B) was used for measurements by a single calibrated operator. Results: the dimensions of both models showed variation compared trademarks, either in the total length of the metal stem, active tip or intermediary. KG Sorensen trademark presented low alterations in size between their instruments. Conclusion: the non-standardized of diamond burs can hamper the confection of preparations and also the learning of dental students.

Topographic, corneal wavefront, and refractive outcomes 2 years after collagen crosslinking for progressive keratoconus.

PURPOSE: The aim was to report the corneal higher-order aberrations (HOA), the topographic metrics, and the visual and refractive outcomes 2 years after performing collagen crosslinking (CXL) for progressive keratoconus. The correlation among corneal HOAs, topographic metrics, and visual acuity changes was also investigated. METHODS: This is a prospective case series involving 42 eyes from 32 patients with progressive keratoconus treated with CXL. The main outcomes measured at baseline and 6, 12, and 24 months after treatment were uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refractive changes, topographic data, and corneal aberrations. RESULTS: Two years after CXL treatment, the UDVA (P < 0.001), CDVA (P < 0.001), and spherical equivalent (P = 0.048) improved significantly. The corneal topographic data revealed significant decreases in apical keratometry (P < 0.001), differential keratometry (P = 0.031), and central keratometry (P = 0.003) compared with the baseline measurements. Aberration analyses revealed a significant reduction in coma (P = 0.016), trefoil (P = 0.018), secondary astigmatism (P < 0.001), quatrefoil (P = 0.031), secondary coma (P < 0.001), and secondary trefoil (P = 0.001). Corneal HOA (except quatrefoil) demonstrated a significant correlation with postoperative CDVA; the highest correlations were for coma (rho = 0.703, P < 0.001), secondary astigmatism (rho = 0.519, P = 0.001), and total HOA (rho = 0.487, P = 0.001). However, the corneal HOA changes were not statistically associated with improved visual acuity. After treatment, the reduction in apical keratometry was the only variable that correlated with the improvement in the CDVA (rho = 0.319, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: After 2 years, CXL was found to be effective in improving the UDVA, CDVA, topographic metrics, and most corneal HOAs in eyes with progressive keratoconus. A significant reduction was observed in apical keratometry, and this reduction directly correlated with an improvement in visual acuity.