Utilising magnetic resonance imaging as the gold-standard in management of suspected scaphoid fractures in the emergency department setting.

Scaphoid fractures are the most common carpal bone fracture. Up to 40% of scaphoid fractures can be missed at initial presentation and investigation. Follow-up plain film radiograph has overall poor sensitivity and reliability. MRI has been shown to have an almost 100% sensitivity and specificity and so is the gold standard in scaphoid fracture diagnosis. Additionally, early specialist involvement is recommended. We proposed that following a designated pathway, there would be no significant increase in MRI requests. Following implementation of a pathway for the management of suspected scaphoid fractures in St James's Hospital in 2012 re-auditing demonstrated that management changed to either MRI directly after initial x-ray (16/145, 11%), MRI after second x-ray (9/28, 32%) or orthopaedic follow-up (19/28, 68%). The number of MRIs requested was consistent with our predictors of demand. Thus, our new protocol maximises diagnostics, cost effectiveness and quality of patient care.

A study to investigate the factors that influence the prescribing habits of non-consultant hospital doctors in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: The Health Service Executive estimates it spent just under €2 billion on medicines in 2013 following a fivefold increase in the cost of medicines over the preceding decade. With this increasing cost, it is important to understand what factors affect doctors prescribing. AIMS: To investigate the influencing factors on prescribing of non-consultant hospital doctors (NCHDs) in Irish hospitals and to provide data regarding the sources of information NCHD's use for commonly prescribed drugs. METHODS: All medical manpower offices of adult public hospitals in the Republic of Ireland were emailed with our survey for distribution to NCHDs. It contained demographic information and questions regarding factors which most influence their prescribing of particular drug groups. Tests of significance were carried out using Chi-square. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-nine surveys were returned out of a possible 8987 (0.02 %). Consultant preference was the biggest overall influencing factor on junior doctors prescribing (27 %). This was closely followed by local departmental policies (26 %). Evidence-based prescribing only influenced 14 % of the total prescribing of NCHDs with the pharmaceutical representative influence only a fraction behind (13 %). Knowledge obtained during medical school greater influenced postgraduate prescribing than undergraduate (34 vs 14 %, p = 0.046). Registrars were significantly more likely to prescribe using evidence-based medicine than intern and SHOs (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The prescription of medications in Ireland by NCHDs varies greatly depending not only on drug group, but it is also affected by the doctors' previous education and experience. This information is key in leading to sensible cost-effective prescribing.

Profile of Frequent Attenders to a Dublin Inner City Emergency Department.

A retrospective review of the demographics, co-morbidities and substance misuse of the 20 most frequent presenters to the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital emergency department during 2014 was carried out in an attempt to better understand the epidemiology of their presentations. Eighty-five percent were male and 15% female (p<0.001). The average age was 40.6 years with a median 38.5 years. All were unemployed and 7 (35%) had no fixed abode. Thirteen patients (65%) lived an average of 4.5 kilometres from the ED. In this study the presence of a mental illness, homelessness, alcohol or drug misuse were associated with significantly higher attendance rates (p=0.001, p<0.001, p<0.05, p<0.001 respectively). Early identification of these patients and targeting them for effective case-based community-led treatment strategies could improve their quality of life, decrease their cost of care and ultimately lead to more effective utilisation of our already overburdened emergency departments.

Re-attenders to the emergency department of a major urban hospital serving a population of 290,000.

The national Emergency Medicine Programme (EMP) in Ireland, defines a re-attender as any patient re-presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) within 28 days with the same chief complaint. A retrospective, electronic patient record audit was carried out on all re-attenders to Connolly ED during November 2012. There were 2919 attendances made up from 2530 patients; 230 patients re-attended a total of 389 times. The re-attendance rate was 13% (389/2919). 63 (27%) were frequent presenters. There was a significantly higher admission rate at second attendance than first (89 (39%) vs 39 (17%), p < 0.001). 25% (57/230) of patients 'left before completion of treatment' (LBCT) at first attendance (significantly higher than the number at second attendance (p < 0.01)). 14/57 (25%) of those who LBCT at first attendance required admission at second attendance. 28/89 (31%) of second attendance admissions were failed discharges from first attendance. Reasons for re-attendance are multi-factorial and include both patient and departmental factors.

Surgery of the femur in HIV positive patients: a retrospective review from 2005 to 2011.

BACKGROUND: There are an estimated 6,900 people with HIV living in Ireland. There is a significant prevalence of femoral osteonecrosis and risk factors for osteoporotic fractures. With this potential, increasing surgical workload, it is important to assess surgical demand and audit outcomes. METHODS: The hospital's electronic records were examined. Between January 2005 and August 2011, 17 femoral surgeries were identified in seven patients. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Elective operations undertaken were eight hip replacements and one nail dynamisation. Eight emergency operations were undertaken: two DHS, one plating, one nailing, one revision nailing, two incision and drainages and one biopsy. All procedures were carried out using appropriate safety guidelines. Indications for surgery included femoral head osteonecrosis (n = 7), osteomyelitis (n = 3), proximal femoral fracture (n = 2), femoral shaft non-union (n = 1), dynamisation of a nail (n = 1), osteoarthritis (n = 1), fractured femur (n = 1), and revision nailing (n = 1). For two procedures the patient was not on highly active anti-retroviral treatment. All elective patients had CD4 counts greater than 200 pre-operatively. Six patients had undetectable viral loads. Of the eight emergency procedures, four procedures had no preoperative immune status recorded. Complications recorded were three non-unions, one nail fracture, one lesser trochanter fracture and recurrence of osteomyelitis. No surgical site infections were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Complications were not related to immune status. The rate of surgical site infection in both elective and emergency procedures was low. The elective surgery patients can safely receive orthopaedic treatment in their regional orthopaedic unit. Due to the high non-infectious complication rates recorded in the emergency group, transfer to a tertiary facility with infectious disease expertise is advised.