RESUMO
Cancer as a progressive and complex disease is caused by early chromosomal changes and stimulated cellular transformation. Previous studies reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer cells. LncRNA activated by TGF-β (ATB) has been shown to be dysregulated in different types of cancer. Aberrant expression of lncRNA-ATB plays an important role in the progression of diverse malignancies. High expression of LncRNA-ATB is associated with cancer cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and EMT. LncRNA-ATB by targeting various signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) can trigger cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, lncRNA-ATB can be a novel target for cancer prediction and diagnosis. In this review, we will focus on the function of lncRNA-ATB in various types of human cancers (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , Neoplasias/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismoRESUMO
Cancer as a progressive and complex disease is caused by early chromosomal changes and stimulated cellular transformation. Previous studies reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in the initiation, maintenance, and progression of cancer cells. LncRNA activated by TGF-ß (ATB) has been shown to be dysregulated in different types of cancer. Aberrant expression of lncRNA-ATB plays an important role in the progression of diverse malignancies. High expression of LncRNA-ATB is associated with cancer cell growth, proliferation, metastasis, and EMT. LncRNA-ATB by targeting various signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) can trigger cancer pathogenesis. Therefore, lncRNA-ATB can be a novel target for cancer prediction and diagnosis. In this review, we will focus on the function of lncRNA-ATB in various types of human cancers.
Assuntos
MicroRNAs , RNA Longo não Codificante , Humanos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , RNA Longo não Codificante/genética , RNA Longo não Codificante/metabolismo , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão GênicaRESUMO
Infertility is a major reproductive health issue worldwide. One of the main problems in infertile women is the failure to generate or release a mature egg. Therefore, the development of new technologies for in vitro generation or induction of mature oocytes can improve various ART procedures. Recently, stem cell-based therapy has opened a new window for several pathological complications. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells with the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into the mesodermal lineage. MSCs contain various bioactive molecules which are involved in the regulation of key biological processes. They can secret multiple paracrine factors, such as VEGF, IGF, HGF, EGF, and FGF to stimulate egg maturation. Although MSCs represent a promising source for cell therapy, the potential risk of tumor development reduces their clinical applications. Recent studies have suggested that the supernatant or conditioned medium of MSCs also contains similar components and regulates the oocyte behavior. The MSC-conditioned medium can eliminate the safety concerns associated with MSC transplantation and avoid rejection problems. Although MSC and MSC-CM could improve oocyte quality, ovarian function, and fertility, these improvements have not yet been demonstrated in clinical trials in humans. Hereby, we summarized recent research findings of MSCs-derived conditioned medium in in vitro development of immature oocytes.
RESUMO
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer and the prevalent type of malignancy among women. Multiple risk factors, including genetic changes, biological age, dense breast tissue, and obesity are associated with BC. The mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathway has a pivotal role in regulating biological functions such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. It has become evident that the MAPK pathway is associated with tumorigenesis and may promote breast cancer development. The MAPK/RAS/RAF cascade is closely associated with breast cancer. RAS signaling can enhance BC cell growth and progression. B-Raf is an important kinase and a potent RAF isoform involved in breast tumor initiation and differentiation. Depending on the reasons for cancer, there are different strategies for treatment of women with BC. Till now, several FDA-approved treatments have been investigated that inhibit the MAPK pathway and reduce metastatic progression in breast cancer. The most common breast cancer drugs that regulate or inhibit the MAPK pathway may include Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs), Sorafenib, Vemurafenib, PLX8394, Dabrafenib, Ulixertinib, Simvastatin, Alisertib, and Teriflunomide. In this review, we will discuss the roles of the MAPK/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in BC and summarize the FDA-approved prescription drugs that target the MAPK signaling pathway in women with BC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Aprovação de Drogas , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Medicamentos sob Prescrição/uso terapêutico , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/genética , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug AdministrationRESUMO
During the last years, several strategies have been made to obtain mature erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC) from the bone marrow or umbilical cord blood (UCB). However, UCB-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a limited source and in vitro large-scale expansion of RBC from HSC remains problematic. One promising alternative can be human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that provide an unlimited source of cells. Human PSCs, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are self-renewing progenitors that can be differentiated to lineages of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Several previous studies have revealed that human ESCs can differentiate into functional oxygen-carrying erythrocytes; however, the ex vivo expansion of human ESC-derived RBC is subjected to ethical concerns. Human iPSCs can be a suitable therapeutic choice for the in vitro/ex vivo manufacture of RBCs. Reprogramming of human somatic cells through the ectopic expression of the transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, LIN28, and NANOG) has provided a new avenue for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. Various techniques have been developed to generate enucleated RBCs from human iPSCs. The in vitro production of human iPSC-derived RBCs can be an alternative treatment option for patients with blood disorders. In this review, we focused on the generation of human iPSC-derived erythrocytes to present an overview of the current status and applications of this field.
