[A huge foreign body in the orbit]. / Obrovské cizí teleso v orbite.

The authors present an account on a two-year-old child which while playing pushed the broken end of a pencil into the orbit above the bulbus. With regard to the nature of the object it was extracted by two-stage surgery. The injury did not affect the child's ocular functions.

[What is known today about the treatment of injuries of Charles IV in the year 1350]. / Co dnes víme o lécení úrazu Karla IV. v roce 1350.

The author proceeds with his earlier 1990 contribution ou the complementary examination of the skull of the Czech king and Roman emperor Charles IV. Direct relationship between the injury to the cervical spine and the newly detected healed fractures of the mandible was established. A strong blow on the king's chin induced the four-fold dislocated fracture of the mandible. Based on our present knowledge of medieval medicine, and especially facial traumatology an attempt was made to clarify the treatment methods applied in management of the king's injury.

Surgical treatment of ankyloses of the temporomandibular joint in children.

Ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint leads in children to serious disorders such as loss of dentition, growth retardation of the lower jaw, facial asymmetry etc. During the period from 1993 till 1997 we treated 12 children incl. eight who had unilateral and four bilateral ankylosis. In six patients, after elimination of the ankylosis, reconstruction of the head was made with a total of nine costochondral grafts. In entire all patients the temporal muscle or a silicone plate was interposed between the skull base and mandible. Postoperative complications were minimal. Surgical treatment, which is only half of the issue of treatment, must be followed by long-term careful rehabilitation. The results which were achieved contributed in a significant way to a more favourable further development of the children.

Fixation of the tongue below mandible in Pierre Robin syndrome.

For some children with a diagnosis of Robin syndrome the conservative treatment will not be sufficient due to recurrent glossoptosis and acute obturation of the airways which leads to asphyxia. The risk for children with this complication is so serious that it needs emergency surgical treatment. Its aim is an artificial ankyloglossia. However, often it fails when the stitches cut through. The technique of tongue fixation presented in this paper has proved successful.

Caput mandibulae accessorium.

The presented anomaly consists of a doubled mandibular condylus in a boy aged 5.5 years. We report this case because of its rare localisation, shape, size and microscopic pattern. It represents a doubled articular process arising from the mandibular processus coronoideus. From the morphologic view the finding is very exceptional. We failed to find any similar case in the literature available. The findings of doubled articular processes (condylus bifidus) previously quoted are of different origin. In this case it was obviously disorder in the differentiation of the mandible within the period when the mandibular ramus basis was formed by the secondary cartilage.

Fractures of facial bones in children.

Data covering 205 children hospitalized for fractures of facial bones in 1971-1982 are presented. In individual types of fractures affecting the lower and middle third of the face, the mechanism of injury is followed up, and the period of time elapsed from the moment of injury to admission to the clinic is registered; results of particular treatment are recorded. New methods of treatment which proved to have a positive effect in practice are described. The necessity of a complex approach to the treatment of children with injuries of the orofacial region is stressed.